The Incidence And Severity Of Diabetic Nephropathy

Genetic susceptibility — Genetic susceptibility may be an important determinant of both the incidence and severity of diabetic nephropathy. The likelihood of developing diabetic nephropathy is markedly increased in patients with a diabetic sibling or parent who has diabetic nephropathy. Age — For type 1 diabetes, the risk of developing ESRD is very low for patients diagnosed prior to age 5; at older ages, the relationship of age to progression to ESRD is uncertain Blood pressure — Higher blood pressures have been noted to be associated with diabetic nephropathy. Obesity — A high body mass index (BMI) in patients with diabetes has been associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease. In addition, diet and weight loss may†¦show more content†¦Metabolic memory applies in nephropathy. In nephropathy, significant persistent benefits were noted in those who had received intensive therapy compared with those who received conventional therapy during the DCCT. After eight years of follow-up in EDIC, patients originally assigned to intensive glycemic control were significantly less likely to develop new microalbuminuria (7 versus 16 percent), new clinical albuminuria, also called macroalbuminuria, (1.4 versus 9 percent), and hypertension (30 versus 40 percent). After 16 years of follow-up in EDIC (22 years since in the start of the DCCT trial), patients originally assigned to intensive glycemic control were significantly less likely to develop impaired renal function, defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 (3.9 versus 7.6 percent). Hyperlipidemia is common in diabetic patients, a tendency that is increased by the development of renal insufficiency. Aggressive lipid lowering is an important part of the medical management of all diabetic patients since diabetes is considered a coronary heart disease equivalent. An elevation in lipid levels also may contribute to the development of glomerulosclerosis in chronic kidney disease. A prospective study in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus found that a plasma cholesterol concentration above 220 mg/dL (5.7 mmol/L) was an important risk factor for progressive renal disease,

Dress code Free Essays

Have you ever found yourself walking through the halls of a school and stretched out far beyond the sight of your eyes, you notice nothing but masses of students conformed into a single color or uniform? School dress codes have long since been a subject of debate amongst both students and faculty alike. In one school district after another, school uniforms are proposed as the solution. The real question is whether or not they actually serve a functional purpose, and the cost/extent of having those rules in place. We will write a custom essay sample on Dress code or any similar topic only for you Order Now School dress codes impose on freedom of expression, is time consuming, can be very costly and serve no functional purpose outside of school. Having a dress code (such as a uniform) is expensive and has no use outside of school. Poor families may not have the money to pay uniforms and having that as a dress code may be more of a hassle for them. They may depend on hand me downs or may buy clothes from second hand stores that do not provide uniforms. Buying clothes that follow a dress code may also be more expensive because children may still want clothes that they can wear outside of school. Uniforms have no use out of school. It is not a casual outfit for going to the mall or park. It is not a business suit that could be used for interviews and other occasions. Having a dress code causes the school to misuse its time. Dress codes are not enforced very well. Some teachers enforce following the dress code and others do not which presents miscommunication with students. Some students can get away with not following the dress code and others do not. When the dress code is enforced it wastes class time. It takes time away from the teacher and instructing the class. It takes away from the child’s learning experience and the rest of the child peer’s learning experience. Dress codes have not been proving to help students academically, behaviorally, or socially which means there is no valid reason to have one. Having a dress code infringes on an individual’s personal right. The first amendment states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Implementing a dress code on someone violates their right of the first amendment. Clothing is a way of expressing yourself. It allows people to experiment with their identities and a way to discover your inner self. Self expression is very important to a child’s development emotionally. In an effort to allow students their rights of expression, avoid costly and wasteful time spending the use of school dress codes should be avoided. Dress codes are simply a way to give schools more power over students and to infringe on their creativity and freedom of expression. How to cite Dress code, Essay examples Dress Code Free Essays I believe that it would be beneficial for our scho ols to adopt dress codes. Although some may argue that this action would rest rict the individual student’s freedom of expression, I do not agree. Our right to express ourselves is important, but in our society none of us has unrestricted free dom to do as we like at all times. We will write a custom essay sample on Dress Code or any similar topic only for you Order Now We must all learn discipline, respect the feelings of others, and learn how to operate in the real world in order to be successful. Dress codes would not only create a better learning environment, but would also help prepare students for their futures. Perhaps the most important benefit of adopting dre ss codes would be creating a better learning environment. Inappropriate clothi ng can be distracting to fellow students who are trying to concentrate. Short skirt s, skimpy tops, and low pants are fine for after school, but not for the classroom. T -shirts with risky images or profanity may be offensive to certain groups. Stude nts should espress themselves through art or creative writing, not clothing. With fewer distractions, students can  concentrate on getting a good education which can help them later on. Another benefit of having a dress code is that it will prepare students to dress properly for different places. When you go to a party you do not wear the same clothes you wear to church. Likewise, when you dress for work you do not wear the same clothes you wear at the beach. Many profession s even require uniforms. Having a dress code in high school will help students adjust to the real world. Lastly, with all the peer pressure in school, many  students worry about fitting in. If a dress code (or even uniforms) were require d, there would be less emphasis on how you look, and more emphasis on learning. In conclusion, there are many important reasons our schools should adopt dress codes. Getting an education is hard enough without being distracted by inappropriate t-shirts or tight pants. Learning to dress for particular occasions prepares us for the real world. And teens have enough pressure already without having to worry about what they are wearing. How to cite Dress Code, Papers

Refining the Hr Policy Framework to Support the Vision free essay sample

We seek to lead through research, to educate for excellence and to connect ND contribute through engagement. Substantial progress has been made towards achievement of our vision to be one of the worlds finest UN verities and we will need to continue to adapt and improve in pursuit of this vision. The Universitys strategy document Growing Esteem 201 0, states: For the university to realize the ambitions of a refined Growing Esteem strategy it needs people who share the vision and can achieve the actions required. Over the coming years we need to ensure that our research and teaching reputation remain among the best in the world in the face of increasing intention; to adapt our approach, to both teaching and our general interactions with students to support a greater proportion of graduate students; and to diversify our sources of revenue to support our endeavourer. It is in this context that we seek to articulate our HRS strategies and refine our HRS Policy Framework so that we can support and develop our staff to achieve the excellence in performance that provides individual satisfaction and collectively will maintain and grow Melbourne standing. We will write a custom essay sample on Refining the Hr Policy Framework to Support the Vision or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This paper identifies the major strategic and policy issues which need to be dressed to position us for the future through a refinement of the current HRS management framework over the next three years. This paper provides a blueprint for action to guide HRS policy development over the next three years. From this framework, detailed policies and procedures will be specified, and there will be opportunity for staff and other stakeholders to provide further input to these as they are progressively developed.These policies will be implemented at the local level within the university and therefore the support that will be provided to our supervisors and managers ho are responsible for the day to day interactions with our staff will be vital to their success in bringing about the required changes. Background 1 The environment we will be working in The environment we will operate in over the next 5-10 years will change significantly and both external factors and the internal decisions made in our plans Will impact on the staff profile we will need to prosper in the new environment and the HRS policies and procedures that we need to support our staff. External factors Changes in the external environment provide us with challenges and opportunities. Increased globalization of the higher education sector will lead to stronger competition for the best students and staff. This competition for staff will include professional staff, particularly specialists, who will also be sought after in the wider economy. Strategies will need to be implemented to attract, develop and retain the best academic and professional staff who can plan, deliver and support an excellent learning experience for students, and also demonstrate innovation and a capacity to thrive in a changing environment.Tech nological change will also open new avenues for both education and search and the way in which work is performed in general and aids networking. The increasing pace of knowledge acquisition will require review of the range of information taught in courses and in the way it is delivered. On the research side, funding models and the interest of governments in finding solutions to major societal problems drives greater collaboration both in the development of cross functional teams within the Sensitivity and also in increased engagement with other universities, other research bodies and industry.The national higher education policy environment is placing more emphasis n nation-building through growth in graduate Outputs, job readiness Of graduates, social inclusion, funding for performance, and international standardization of award nomenclature and content. There is also greater emphasis on engagement of universities with their broader communities. All of these factors and the funding regimes which support the national policy decisions are focused on growth, which is at odds with our chosen direction to limit growth in student numbers.The local policy framework is also influenced by continuing fluctuation in the global financial environment. The international educat ion company DIP Education is now predicting a considerable decline in international student numbers coming to Australia in the medium term which will impact on the University capacity to replace lost local revenue from this source. The ageing academic and professional staff profile across the sector and within the University more specifically means that we will have to attract, develop and retain high quality staff to replace staff lost through natural attrition. Internal decisions and factors Melbourne has taken the decision to limit growth and to eventually reduce dent numbers to a more stable and manageable size in order to provide the highest quality education to our students. Consequently we will need to build other revenue streams and to find ways of doing things more efficiently. We will need to be both flexible and entrepreneurial and be able to engage well with the external community. Over this time we will also significantly change our student profile, from the current ratio of 70:30 undergraduate to postgraduate students to achieve a 50:50 balance.It will be challenging to attract high quality postgraduate students in these numbers. This more mature student population will be more demanding and will have high expectations of teaching and support and of their interactions with our administrative staff. Their assessment of the quality of the teaching they receive, their overall satisfaction with their experience and their capacity t o get good jobs will impact on our rankings both nationally and internationally against our competitors. The HRS policy imperatives This likely future environment highlights the need to consider how together we can increase the focus on performance and productivity and ensure that ACH staff member achieves their goals and contributes to the University in the way best suited to their strengths and expertise. This will require a strong alignment between individual goals and performance and the University objectives and a different approach to developing and managing performance. These changes must be introduced in ways which protect and preserve the fundamental values of the institution, such as meritocracy, collegiality and academic freedom. Where we are now 1 Our current staffing profile Melbourne permanent staff number in excess of seven thousand, divided almost evenly between academic and professional staff and is supported by over two and a half thousand additional casual staff. Our academic and professional staff include many talented, committed and long-serving people. It is our s taff, their interactions with each other, with students and with local, national and international communities that establish and define our reputation and position in the global higher education sector.Staff are employed in positions classified according to the current academic and professional staff classification structures, specified in the Universitys Collective Agreement. In addition to our paid staff, a large number of honorary and visiting academic staff contribute to the life and scholarship of the University. Our current staffing profile has the following characteristics: ; We have a large number of early career academics, with approximately of the university academic staff employed at Levels A and B; ; These early career academics are predominantly employed on fixed term contracts.This position changes with seniority, with the majority of academic staff at Level C and above employed on a continuing basis; ; In contrast, most professional staff re employed on a continuing basis, with 55% of professional staff employed at HEW Levels 5 to 7; Figure 1 : Current distribution of Academic Staff by Classification (headcount, excluding casuals) I ICP] Fixed term : Distribution of Fixed term and Continuing Professional Staff by I Classification (headcount) Level B.I Level D. Level E. | 96. 2 Staff I Figure 2 171. 8 42. 6 125. 3 127. 9 ; The growth in the Universitys staff numbers from 2005 to 2008 has largely been the result of an increase in casual staff numbers. ; Over 1 0 % Of the university academic work was performed by casual staff in 2009. Casual tutors are responsible for a significant portion of teaching into new generation degrees. The ratio of professional to academic staff has remained relatively steady since 2007 and is below the average for Australian universities and the Group of Eight. This is largely because of the way the university classifies Level A and B research support staff as academic rather than professional staff unlike many other universities. Approximately a third of both professional staff and academic staff are over 50 years of age; Figure 3: Age distribution of academic and professional staff Academic Staff by level pick Professional Staff by level ; Approximately 55% of Melbourne academics are male; ; Women make up the majority of academic staff at Level A, but by senior levels the position is reversed. Although Melbourne performs better than the sector average in terms of the percentage of women at Levels D and E and at HEW, women remain underrepresented at PVC and DVD levels as well as amongst membership of the Senior Executive more generally.The appropriate consideration of performance relative to opportunity for staff with significant external responsibilities, non-traditional career paths, or less Han full-time working hours remains an ongoin g challenge; ; A higher proportion of our female staff is employed on a part-time basis than the ; In 2008 and 2009 over half of all professional staff sector average; positions have also been filled internally while 56% of self-initiated departures from the University in 2009 from this group were from staff with less than 3 years service.The corresponding percentage for academic staff for self- initiated early departure is 51 This suggests a turnover of newer staff to the University and is a concern if these staff are of high quality and being attracted by better offers from other employers. Level A academic staff and professional staff at HEW levels 3-5 are over-represented in these departure statistics suggesting a need to provide better opportunities and support for good early career academics and professional staff; and ; Staffing costs per FEET are increasing at a faster rate than student load.Until recently this has been compensated for by revenue growth but as the environmen tal scan above shows, this may not be possible in the future. 2 Current performance Melbourne is well ranked In international rankings and we improved our session in the most recent round of the Shanghai Jiao Tong and Times Higher Education Rankings. In the Jiao Tong rankings Melbourne was ranked 62nd in the world, the second Australian institution after ANN. at 59th. This ranking system uses weighted scores associated with alumni, awards, citations, and publications.Melbourne scores better than ANN. in the alumni and awards categories but has lower scores in each of the research categories. In the Times Higher Education rankings Melbourne is ranked first of the Australian institutions, at 36th in the world listing. A new methodology was seed in 2010 for this ranking based on teaching (the learning environment), international mix (staff and student ratios), industry income, research volume, income and reputation, and citation impact.The quality of teaching within the University is vital to our students educational outcomes. While the Times Higher Education teaching scores for Melbourne are higher than our national competitors we have some way to go to reach the level of our international benchmarking partners. The CEQ good teaching scale also indicates room for improvement. While these rankings vary and are not absolute indicators of teaching performance, it is clear that caching performance has a significant impact on the level of satisfaction of our students.Improvement in our overall teaching performance will contribute to a more positive learning environment for our students. Nationally in 2008 and 2009 Melbourne was ranked first in the country for research income and publications however, if these measures were viewed per capita (across the total number of research and teaching and research staff), then our leading position would not be maintained. We also performed well in nearly all discipline categories in the first trial ERA outcomes gaining cores Of 4 or 5 in nearly all discipline categories.Our research performance has a significant impact on our rankings and on our ability to attract research income and quality staff and students. While we should be justifiably proud of that performance it will be more difficult to maintain this position in the future due to likely improvements in the performance of our competitors. We could raise our position in the international rankings and maintain our premier position nationally if there was improved average performance in winning grants and publishing across a broader spectrum of the academic staff complement.The future 1 The goals of Growing Esteem 2010 Melbourne has articulated the outcomes we wish to achieve by 201 5 in Growing Esteem 2010, including that: ; Melbourne will have an academic workforce sustainable in number and quality and outstanding in its achievement; ; Melbour ne will be top ranked in all key national indicators of research excellence and impact; ; Melbourne will be top ranked in relation to research higher degree recruitment and outcomes; ; Through key partnerships we will have maximized the global impact of our research; ; Melbourne will be ranked in the top five against all national learning and each ins and student satisfaction indicators; ; Melbourne will be providing the best graduate experience in the country according to appropriate national indicators; ; Staff will feel able to contribute broadly to our vision of interaction with wider society through knowledge partnership, advancement and international activities; and ; Melbourne will have talented, diverse staff who share a common vision and whose skills and knowledge equip them to achieve the University goal of being one of the best international universities in the world. As has been shown Melbourne is currently well placed in relation to some of hose measures of performance, but given the increasingly competitive and global higher education environment, to maintain or improve this position will require improvements in leadership and management and to performance management and development, recognition of the diversity of professional and academic roles, greater recognition of the efforts of our staff and innovative approaches to retaining, and nurturing the best teachers and researchers and flexible and innovative professional staff.Specifically, amongst other things, we need to: ; Emphasis research excellence not just research activity and improve the verbal consistency of research performance and the number of high citation researchers who count among the worlds top 250 in their fields; Understand, reward and promote research excellence and creativity, provide career development opportunities and mentoring and develop a research recruitment and retention strategy; ; Improve the consistency of the quality of teaching and the student experience across the University while allowing for increased specialization of academic staff in this area; and, ; Promote engagement activities as an equal partner to research and learning and teach ins. Supporting this vision through a refined HRS Strategy To flourish in this environment and achieve these ambitious outcomes we will need to more actively manage our staff profile over the next five years through a refined HRS Strategy. Our HRS strategy must enable us to achieve the level of performance necessary if we are to be one of the worlds finest universities.We will need to: ; Develop our existing staff; ; Commit resources to attract and retain staff of the highest quality; ; Put in place appropriate succession planning; ; Provide classification structures which recognize diverse career paths and low specialization by both academic and professional staff; ; Nurture early career academic and professional staff and provide them with clear career paths in the university; ; Address the issues relating to the salutation of our staff complement and the increasing proportion of fixed term staff, while retaining flexible working arrangements; ; Recognize and develop the partnership be tween academic and professional staff and build the ability of staff to work seamlessly with colleagues from other disciplines and institutions; ; Develop and recruit change-adept and flexible academic ND professional staff; ; Enhance the support provided for the core activities of the University by improving performance of the central enabling divisions through professional development and performance review; Develop and improve systems which reward and recognize excellent performance in learning and teaching, research, engagement and leadership and in professionals disciplines; and ; Continue to encourage diversity and address issues relating to the participation of women, particularly at higher levels of the University.

Positive and Negative Aspects of Aviation Have Been Observed In America in the Past 75 Years

The aviation industry has witnessed a significant growth in the last few decades following the advancement of technology. According to Hansen (2004), the aviation industry has seen airplane development as one of the most sophisticated technologies of the twentieth century, affecting the lives of American society and international community significantly.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Positive and Negative Aspects of Aviation Have Been Observed In America in the Past 75 Years specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the development has been gradual, it is indeed evident that today’s aircrafts are more complex and able to perform some hitherto unimaginable tasks, more so following the production of the supersonic aircrafts and spaceflights. In the history of air technology, hydrogen balloons were invented in the 17th and 18th century; however, it is in early 20th century following various experiments that the development of engine technology and aerodynamics was perfected, leading to o development of powered flights. During the 1930s, a new generation of modern airlines appeared, as low winged monoplanes became equipped with cowled engines, retractable landing gear, and refined aerodynamic contours and became icons of the decade. The success of this technology was facilitated by the airlines developed had advanced features that involved lightness, economy of design, and use of modern materials such as aluminium. By 1940’s, air travel emerged as an acknowledged form of transportation. However, before, then, aviation industry had played a key role on the World War I, as it not only facilitated restoration of peace, but also marked the turning point in terms of evolution of military aviation (Pisano, 2003, p. 19). Indeed, the U.S navy built its first aircraft carriers for both offensive and defensive missions. By 1950, the airplane had become an accepted feature of contemporary American life as well as an icon of its cultural heritage and its legacy to the world (Pisano, 2003, p. 7).Advertising Looking for essay on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Whether old or new, examples of the persistence of flight in the popular imagination continued to show up in the American culture, but military themes clearly played a strong role. Positive aspects of aviation in America Aviation industry in the US has greatly developed during the last few decades, with significant influence being witnessed in the economic growth of America in various ways (Corn, 2002, p. 75). To begin with, the expanding airports and the growth of aviation are evidenced to spur economic gains especially through fostering employment. Specifically, the aviation industry provides employment to millions of Americans and other trading affiliates both directly and indirectly. In terms of direct employment, the industry employs pilots, c abin crew, aeronautical engineers, aircraft servicemen, and baggage handlers, while indirect employs may result from various procurements or outsourcing services that the industry may require from time to time. Additionally, some traders will benefit from aviation industry when the above two groups of employees spend their earnings on purchasing goods from them (traders), thus, the industry is associated with multiplicative flow of income in the society. Due to expansion, the aviation industry in the U.S has led to more airports like Heathrow, Miami, JFK, and Puerto Rico among the numerous large and busy airports, all of which have provided employment to a grater population within America.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Positive and Negative Aspects of Aviation Have Been Observed In America in the Past 75 Years specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Aviation has led to an increased sustainability of America in terms of military security (Pisano, 2003, p.25). As one of the world’s superpowers, America has adopted a modern aircraft technology to manufacture state-of-the-art airlines, mainly used in defense sector. For instance, the 1945 US bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was facilitated by American’s prowess in aircraft weaponry compared to her foes in the World War II (1945) (Pisano, 2003, p.26). Ever since, more sophisticated military aircrafts has been developed to protect America from the ever-increasing enemies and competitors in the global economy. Moreover, a combination of well-trained army personnel and availability of combat equipment has enabled America to become one of the most sophisticated superpower states in the world. A recent scenario was the attack of Libya by US forces using its modern aircraft technology where missiles were launched. Through the use of such a aviation technology, the military is always far ahead of its enemy in terms of launching attacks, sche duling, and hitting the target without causing huge civilian casualty. Indeed, in comparison with the earlier wars where many civilians lost their lives, the latest attacks have had minimal casualties, thanks to the advancement of technology in aircraft weaponry. The American society has enjoyed flexible and faster means of transportation to any destination.Advertising Looking for essay on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Generally, air transportation, according to Donohue (2001, p. 1), refers to â€Å"the movement of people and material through the third dimension, usually in heavier-than-air vehicles,† designed in such a way that they have the ability to make connections across various destinations within a very short time compared to other modes of transport. Over the last five decades, air transport in the US has been growing exponentially, thanks to the advent of technology. Indeed, Donohue (2001, p. 1) notes that the US enjoys a considerable share of world’s aviation industry, â€Å"operating approximately 40% of the world’s commercial air transportation, and has a considerable use of aircraft for private transportation.† As a result, infrastructure has improved greatly and in turn, the economy of the U.S has skyrocketed due to the returns and other taxes paid by different airline companies to the U.S. government. Negative aspects of Aviation in America Aviation has a number of environmental impacts that are experienced by the local individuals in the vicinity of airports and under the flight paths (Whitelegg, 2000). Noise pollution has been the source of concern as the aviation industry continues to grow exponentially. Noise damages health, significantly distracts peace and quiet environment, damages wildlife and learning ability of schoolchildren, and it costs a great deal of money through the costs of noise mitigation and noise abatement. Noise is measured on a decibel, with a limit of 55db (A) being regarded as a level that should not be exceeded in a normal situation. According to Dobris statistical compendium, the number of individuals exposed to 60dB (A) around three UK airports was as follows; â€Å"Heathrow (1989)-153,000; Gatwick (1989)-5,000; Luton (1990)-16,000† (Whitelegg, 2000). According to a World Health Organization (cited in Whitelegg, 2000), noise pollution emanating from the aviation industry has been associated with health problems such as â€Å"hearing impairment, pain, interference of communication and speech perception† among other complications. In addition, aircraft noise is associated with negative effects on children such as memory loss, poor concentration in school, and restlessness, a phenomenon that is absent in children living away from aircraft manifested zones. The increased development of the aviation industry in the US has led to increased ground level air emissions that cause air pollution, more so due to the increased traffic of aircrafts and related machinery such as â€Å"traffic generators, freight distribution centers, taxi destinations and bus stations† (Whitelegg, 2000). In the US, emissions from the Kennedy airport have significantly led to major ailments related to respiratory damage or complications. Moreover, in the contemporary environment, aircraft pollutants are among the major causes of cancer complications. According to Whitelegg (2000), large conce ntrations of carbon monoxide are known to be the major causes of â€Å"nausea, drowsiness, and slowed reflexes,† while nitrogen oxides â€Å"impair respiratory cells and damage blood capillaries and cells of the immune system.† In addition, â€Å"sulphur dioxide irritates the lung and is associated with chronic bronchitis,† and it is mainly linked to the thousands of deaths that occurred in â€Å"1952 London smog† (Whitelegg, 2000). Another negative effect of aviation industry in the US involves increased levels of smuggling and development of drug cartels witnessed in various airports. An example of such vice took place at Puerto Rico’s main airport, with aircrafts destined for US found to be smuggling tones of cocaine to some US cities, an action that was facilitated and conducted in cahoots with some American airline employees. Conclusion Aviation technology has increasingly developed since the early years. As a result, this technology has influ enced a change in the social-economic setup and well-being of America and its relation with the entire world in terms of efficiency of different activities. In terms of positivity, one would accurately accept the fact that it really is an efficient transportation mode for people and materials especially those perishables that need to reach the target markets in time. On the contrary, aviation technology has resulted into many countries investing in order to be comparable with their neighbors in terms of military power, which has led to constant attacks in order to prove military manpower, as this is one of the driving forces that led to the rapid development of the aviation industry. References Corn, J. J. (2002). The Winged Gospel: America’s Romance with Aviation. NY: JHU Press. Web.. Donohue, G. (2001). Air Transportation Systems Engineering. Massachusetts: AIAA. Web. Hansen, J. R. (2004). The Bird Is on the Wing: Aerodynamics and the progress of the American airplane. Texa s: Texas AM University Press. Web. Pisano, D. (2003). The airplane in American culture. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. Web. Whitelegg, J. (2000). Aviation: the social, economic and environmental impact of flying. Ashden Trust publishers. Web. This essay on Positive and Negative Aspects of Aviation Have Been Observed In America in the Past 75 Years was written and submitted by user Georgia Schultz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Quick Paper, Bloodmoon by Hal Lindsey essays

Quick Paper, Bloodmoon by Hal Lindsey essays From the same author that brought you Late Great Planet Earth, Hal Lindsey brings you his newest and most blood pumping book, Blood Moon. The story, Set in both 2014, and important dates in the history of the Bible, set as far back as 6000 years ago, tells the tale of the last days. The story starts out in the tents of the wise Abraham, where Isaac and Ishmael, the fathers of both Islamic and Israeli people lived. Blood Moon speaks of the history behind the never-ending feud between the Jewish and Islamic descendents of Abraham, as if the reader was there in the midst of them. Blood Moon will also show the contrast in what society today believes will happen in the future, and what the bible historically will show to be accurate. Blood Mood allows the reader to journey back to the days of the prophets, and allows them to see what was said, and how it was said. Then they see just how it comes to pass in the present day situation. Not only will Blood Moon open peoples eyes to the history of the conflict, but it will open a new viewpoint for those who never personally researched the topic. What is the reason for Jihads (Holy Wars) in the Middle East? What could have started such a bloody war that has rocked the desert for more than 4,000 years? Why is there such contempt over Jerusalem? What will the world be like under a one world government? All these questions and more will be answered. EU President and U.N. Secretary-General Gianfranco Carlo, A glorious diplomat and public speaker, is the first person in the history of the world to bring peace to the Middle East. He tells two of the worlds most trusted and regarded men that he would be given a mortal wound to the head by Islamic radicals, and that he would die from these wounds. He instructs them to stay at his bedside for he would be raised back to life. Through manipulation and sheer demonic force he climbs to the top of the economic ladde...

Asserting Ethnic Identity and Power Through Language Essay Example for Free

Asserting Ethnic Identity and Power Through Language Essay Week-1 The linguistic ideology at work here is founded both on the concept of the ‘mother tongue’ as well as on the ‘one nation, one language’ principle. Communities on the western side of the border are not interested in learning the language of their eastern neighbors. Eastern communities, on the other hand, are strongly motivated to learn western languages. The importance attributed to English as the ‘language of globalization’ is common to both sides. We can actually say that ‘language’ is a very hot and recurrent issue for some communities: namely the German-speaking community in Bernstein (D), the Czech-speaking community in Vejprty (CS), the German-speaking and Slovenian-speaking communities in Eisenkappel/Z? elezna Kapla (A),etc. The term ‘mother tongue’ is often used – forms the ‘way of thinking’ of its speakers, and thus the different ‘mentalities’ and ‘national characters’ are connected with the use of different languages. Many informants are convinced that it is the ‘mother tongue’ which determines thought, social behavior, and exhibition or control of affection and emotions. Thus the confrontation between languages automatically becomes a clash of mentalities. For example, the German-speaking community in Ba? renstein finds there is a relation between the insurmountable difficulty in pronouncing and learning the Czech language and the incomprehensibility of the words Czech-speaking people produce. People in western communities explain this widespread knowledge by saying that ‘the Others’ need to know my language, because my language is the superior One. We can also find indices of implicit prestige in many interview quotes, like ‘my language is useful to find a job’, ‘my language is more international than theirs’, ‘it represents a symbol of upward social mobility’; ‘the importance of my language forces them to learn it, and in this way they show practical sense, intelligence and cleverness, because they well know that the knowledge of the languages spoken on both sides of the border offers more professional and economic opportunities’. People are not generally interested in learning the language of the ‘Other’, and the reason is, as we have already seen, its ‘uselessness’, or its low value on the ‘language market’. They only learn what they need in their commercial transactions. Europe is a multilingual continent in which the tension between linguistic pluralism and assimilation is quite evident at present. Week-2 The topic for this week was â€Å"Creation of a Sense of Belonging through Language†, which we found very much interesting as we have to present our own explanation, views and thoughts. The topic is about Finland, Iceland and Latvia. Firstly we discussed about Finland that Swedish-speaking people along the coastlines, spoke a non-Scandinavian language, namely Finnish. The Finnish language was to become the most effective medium in the nation-building process as well as the most important criterion in creating an awareness of a collective identity. Language became a defining characteristic towards the ‘outside’ and a communicative driving force on the ‘inside’ within the great diversity of local and regional cultures. We could say that for the process of nation-building in Finland during the 19th century two main deficits had to be overcome: sovereign state structures had to be developed and an individual Finnish national consciousness had to be formed. In the process of spreading a Finnish national consciousness – a development often associated with the term ‘awakening’ as in a religious experience – the main focus was directed towards the common people, their language and culture. Finland’s modest cultural life, Finnish had gained the status of a modern cultural and scientific language. The civil servants, scholars, and many artists, continued to use Swedish as their language of communication and publication. But Finnish steadily gained ground. Many people were already, or became, bilingual. The accusation that Finnish was ‘too primitive’ was defeated by generating new terms, which proved that the language was innovative and possessed the potential for development. In the discussion about Iceland by Halfdanarson. The text tells a story of Icelandic nationalism and the struggle for independence of Iceland under Danish rule. Halfdanarson points out the rare case of Icelandic nationalism, and it’s non-violent nature. In fact, according to the article, both Iceland’s struggle for independence and the Danish reactions to it were both surprisingly pacific in nature, partly because of the idea of shared past and cultural heritage between the two countries. There are certain elements in common with the case study of Iceland and Herder’s text, such as the idea of mystic, shared past of a nation, the role of the single language of a social group forming the nation and so on. I think especially in cases like Iceland, language and linguistic identity have essential role in formation of national identity. Iceland is isolated, both in geographical terms as an island in the middle of Atlantic ocean and in terms of language. Although Icelandic is a language related to scandinavian languages, it still differes from them quite a lot. And lastly There was a question that is it possible to have a single language in whole Europe? We think its not possible to have a single langage in the whole Europe as there are many different countries with their own languages from last hundreds of years. In Europe, People communicate with each other using the shared language of their group. The group might be as small as a couple (married or unmarried partners, twins, mother and daughter etc. who share a ‘private’ language where only they know the meaning of some words) or as large as a nation, where everyone understands the allusions in their shared language (often allusions to shared history, to contemporary events, to media people of fact or fiction etc). The ‘secret’ language of the smallest group and the ‘public’ language of the national group are two ‘varieties’ of the same language. Every social group, large or small, has its own language variety, (regional groups have varieties of the national language (as opposed to regional or minority languages) which are usually called ‘dialects’) and there is overlap among all the varieties. However there is a possibility to use English as a second language as use of English gives a considerable advantage to the 13 % of EU citizens who are native English speakers, and to speakers of closely related languages (German, Dutch, Danish and Swedish), over all other Europeans. Week-3 In the week 3, we learned about ‘Language and subjective identity’. The two articles were on Franz Kafka and Simone de Beauvoir. Franz Kafka was German though he never lived among the Germans. He was then living in Prague, Czech. Hence Kafka knew both Czech & German languages. But, he preferred Czech Language as he was of the view that one could express his/her feeling in a better way in a particular language. In this case, he thought that Czech was a better language than German to express his feelings. Franz Kafka was in love with Czech translator Milena Jesenka. He used to demand Milena to write him letters in Czech language than German. He belived in a approach â€Å"belongs to a language†. When Milena replied his letters in Czech, he believed that Czech was much more affectionate, which removes all the uncertainties, he could see his lover more clearly, the movements of her body, her hands quickly which almost resembled as they both are meeting. This shows how Kafka prefered Czech more than German. Kafka encouraged his favourite sister Ottla in her marriage to Josef David, a Czech Catholic, against the opposition of parents and relatives, and wrote affectionately to his new brother-in-law in fluent Czech. For Prague Jews of Kafka’s generation, language and identity could be painfully dissonant. In Kafka’s case, this dissonance reached deep into his own family, conferring an alien quality on the most intimate of human relationships. Franz Kafka died of tuberculosis in 1924. He is buried beside his parents in the family plot in Prague’s New Jewish Cemetery. Simone de Beauvoir is a French Women. She was French writer, political activist, feminist, and social theorist. She gave her whole life for feminine rights and equality with men in Society. Beauvoir was an outstanding student. She did her postgraduate work at the Ecole Normale Superieure, the top postgraduate program in France, where she met Jean Paul Sartre. When World War II broke out in September 1939, Sartre was called for military service. He became a prisoner of war when the French army surrendered, but he was released and both Beauvoir and Sartre participated in the resistance, and after the Vichy Regime dismissed Beauvoir from her teaching position, she began a novel about the resistance. When the war ended, Beauvoir and Sartre became part of a group of leading French intellectuals, who concerned themselves with the perceived failures of modern French society. they founded Les Temps modernes as a means to explain their social and cultural views. At the same time, Sartre suggested to Beauvoir that she undertake a book on the status of women, and she published, La deuxieme sexe (The Second Sex). This was her most famous, and influential book. It became a sourcebook of modern feminism, particularly in the United States for later feminist thinkers such as Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem. De Beauvoir used very specific and effective and powerful words to underline her matter. She is willing to deploy language and words towards others, because she knows about â€Å"a manner in which her body and her relation to the world are modified through the action of others than herself†. Asserting Ethnic Identity and Power Through Language. (2016, Oct 22). 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Comparison of the counter-terrorism strategy and policy of Northern Essay

Comparison of the counter-terrorism strategy and policy of Northern Ireland (IRA) and Spain (ETA). What does the comparison tell us about counter-terrorism - Essay Example This paper’s focus will be on the two nation states of Spain and Northern Ireland. Both nations faced turbulent times, due to the presence of terrorist organizations i.e. the IRA of Northern Ireland and Spain’s ETA and their associated activities. They engaged in different strategic responses, which proved to being successful in some cases and unsuccessful in others. The paper will dwell on how these two nations tackled existing threats, providing a comparison between strategies utilized, in addition to the prevailing socio-economic and political contexts. Similarities and differences will thus be discussed, aiming at providing a wholesome picture of what counter-terrorism entails. Terrorism as an activity, despite the aims, goals, mission and ideals behind it, has not legal basis in contemporary society. Under international law, as Mackinnon (2007) portrays, terrorism has no definition in terms of criminal law that is legally binding. Instead, common definitions are usually in reference mainly to the kind of acts and action, which are violent in nature; and intended to create mass fear/ terror (Mackinnon, 2007:609). Usually, these are perpetrated in the name of political, ideological and religious goals amongst others; deliberately targeting non-combatants with disregard. In addition, acts of war and unlawful violence have also been included, in addition to the violent nature of criminal organizations (Mackinnon, 2007:612). To be noted is that other criminal activities, especially by organized crime syndicates, only turns into terrorism when there is a political, ideological or religious motive. In addition is that there is also need to divert from focus on terrorism’s frequent association with religious overtones i.e. jihadism, to more somber analysis of all violent acts perpetrated against non-combatants. ‘Terrorism’ as a term, is not only emotionally charged, but also politically loaded. This is