Autism – General Overview of Autism

General Overview of Autism What is Autism? Autism is defined as a disorder of early development that causes severe problems in thinking, communicating with others, and feeling a part of the outside world (Autism 2009). A person diagnosed with autism has a brain abnormality that affects normal brain function (Nordquist 2009). Most diagnoses of autism are usually never the same, even though, the symptoms are generally similar. Autism must not be confused with childhood schizophrenia or mental retardation, though the actions of children with these circumstances are sometimes related to that of autistic children (Autism 2009).Autism prevents children from developing normal social relationships, even with their parents (Autism 2009). Infants and Autism Autism is generally not diagnosed until two or three years old, but there is an extremely controversial argument on whether or not it could be diagnosed in infants. According to Canadian researchers, they could already see signs and symptom s of autism in infants at approximately six months old (Boyles 2005). The researchers believe that the infant is already predisposed with abnormal brain development inside their mother’s womb.The infants that Canadian researchers experimented were only limited to families that already had an older child born with autism (Boyles 2005). According to research conducted in an article of Developmental Psychology, it is not possible to diagnose and infant with autism (Charman et al. ,1997). The researchers conducted a study on thirty eight boys, separated into three different groups: Autism Risk Group, Developmental Delay Group, and Normal Group. The studies were based upon four different criteria: Empathy, Pretend Play, Joint Attention, and Imitation (Charman et al. 1997). Based on their results, it was not evident t to say whether or not a child could be diagnosed with Autism. This based upon the findings that children in the autism group and children in the developmental delay g roup were indistinguishable and the scorings were far too similar (Charman et al. , 1997) In another study conducted by Dalery et al. , they compared young children and infants who were clinically diagnosed with autism or developmental delay (DD).The researchers were trying to differentiate whether the existence of symptoms of autism making it possible to be a different developmental disorder and whether or not the symptoms increase with age (Dalery et al. 2006). In the results from children under 26 months, the findings were insignificant and eerily similar to the experiment conducted by Chairman et al. They were unable to determine if the clear signs of developmental delay or autism were definite (Dalery et al. 2006). Symptoms of Autism Children diagnosed with Autism act differently from one another and no two autistic children have the same symptoms or act the same (CDC 2007).Children with Autism have severe impairments with social, emotional, and communication skills. Some have difficulty accomplishing everyday tasks and have to maintain a consistent day to day routine (CDC 2007). A symptom of autism that affects many autistic children is they have an intricate time holding a conversation. Thus, they tend to have a hard time making friends because of this impairment (CDC 2007). Another symptom of autism is repetitive behavior. This causes a stimulating effect on the child (CDC 2007). For example, a child may consistently rock back and forth, or flip the pages of a book over and over again.Autistic children have a difficult time managing in an everyday life. Once a child is diagnosed with autism, (usually between the ages of 2-4), it stays with them for the remainder of their lives (CDC 2007). With the various symptoms of autism, repetitive behavior seems to be the most consistent symptom that is distinguishable in almost all autistic patients (Gray et al. 1995). To determine whether or not this is true, research was conducted in Australia. The researchers wanted to determine if repetitive behavior was a distinguishable sign of autism in children less than 51 months.Since there are many different types of repetitive behavior, the different types were classified into two categories: higher and lower levels of repetitive behavior (Gray et al. 1995). According to Gray et al. , higher level repetitive behavior is highly consistent with autistic children under the age of 51 months. Low level repetitive behavior was not a direct diagnosis with autism. A significant number of children with other developmental delay disorders often demonstrated aspects of lower level repetitive behavior (Gray et al. 1995). Autism and Public SchoolingWhen a parents makes the decision to enroll their autistic child into public school, it is often a difficult decision. Sometimes the decision is made because the parent does not have the means to send their child to a school specialized for autistic children. Other times it is because many autistic designed school s only accept unique or extreme cases and their child do not meet the requirements (Rudy 2009). Even though a public school is required to give adequate education to a child with a learning disability, how does the parent know what is adequate to the teacher (Rudy 2009)?A positive aspect of public schools is that children with autism can interact with normal developing peers. Researchers argue that this type of interaction may â€Å"provide opportunities for building relationships and developing social and communicative behaviors, in response both to the demands made by mainstream peers and the modeling their behavior provides (Whitaker 2004). † In a study conducted by Whitaker, the mainstream peers developed a routine with the autistic children. The mainstream peers seemed to understand and learn the routines of the autistic peer.Whether or not the autistic child received any awareness or pleasure from this type of interaction was harder to detect, even though they appeared to be enjoying themselves (Whitaker 2004). Parents of Children with Autism It is devastating for a parent to learn that their child has a severe health problem or developmental disability (Parenting a Child with Autism 2007). The first question that arises is, â€Å"How can we cure it? †, but autism is not â€Å"curable†. In the beginning, parents often find some kind of support to help them cope with the discovery or having an autistic child.They also need to educate themselves as much as possible and decide what is best for the child (Parenting a Child with Autism 2007). D. E. Gray conducts a study to see how parents of autistic children cope with their child’s illness over time. Between 1988 and 1990, he begins his study and the sample included 28 parents of autistic children. In the beginning, parents used 51 different methods to cope with the discovery of their child’s illness. D. E. Gray followed-up with these parents 8-12 years later and the method s parents used decreased dramatically to 27.Parents learned to cope with their child’s autism throughout time. Maybe this was due to the fact that the child had become less disruptive and was more orderly in their habits (D. E. Gray 2006). It also may have been due to the fact that their children were enrolled in special schools (only one was enrolled in public schools). In the beginning, parents still had to adapt to the changes in their environment and with their child. As their emotional distress decreased, so did their need for emotional support (D. E. Gray 2006). ConclusionWhile the causes of autism remain a great mystery, one fact is certain: Autism affects every area of learning throughout the child‘s life. Until research on autism provides more information about how autism affects the human brain, children and their parents who are affected will be unable to understand and fully deal with this disability. It is only with more information that we will learn the b est approach to teach autistic children and tackle this disability head on.

Gattaca and Orwell’s 1984 compared Essay

Although the distopias of Orwell’s Oceania and Niccol’s not to distant American city are in many ways similar in the sense of totalitarianism. The systems of control are quit different. Orwell’s world seems to be an overbearing socialist police state where as, the world in Gattaca is almost total control by science. The two pieces were written decades apart from one another, but both the film and the novel send a clear message; to enjoy the social mobility and freedoms of modern life and to be aware of how fragile they are. Both Orwell’s and Niccol’s worlds are dependant upon a class or cast system to divide the powers and freedoms of the people in their respective worlds. Oceania as far as we can tell has three maybe four classes. The Proles are the group of people who hold the worst of the jobs within Oceania. They work as laborers and as prostitutes but their idle time is spent like many undergrads in the modern world; listening to music, drinking beer, and fornicating. The second and arguably the lowliest of Orwell’s classes is the outer party, to which our main character Winston is a member. The outer party is subjected to all the evils of the inner party. Their inner most personal thoughts and feelings are monitored by the thought police and even the slightest inclination of disloyalty is punished by being vaporized. They work mostly as desk jockeys, and their free time is to be spent doing activities for the party. The inner party is closely related to an upper management class within a perverted militant socialist world where all business is run by the state. Compared to the outer party the inner party does seem to enjoy a few more modern comforts but, they are still being subjected to tellascreens and thought police. Arguably the fourth class would only consist of one man a ruling dictator who goes by the name of Big Brother his existence is questionable but if he were to exist it is presumable that he would enjoy every possible comfort. Gattaca has a class system as well but, it is a much simpler one controlled by science. Depending upon Gene manipulation a citizen is either a valid or they are an invalid. The days discrimination because of race, religion, or  sexuality are gone, in this world all that matters is the results of a blood test. The lead character portrayed by Ethan Hawk is Vincent/Jerome Morrow. He is what they call a faith birth, his parents conceived him in the traditional way, in the back of a Chevy Rivera. At his birth he did have ten fingers and ten toes but now that’s not all that mattered. After testing one drop of blood the doctors new that he had a 60% probability of having a neurological condition, 42% probability of manic depression, 89% probability of attention deficit disorder, and a 99% probability of having a heart disorder his life expectance only 30.2 years. Vincent, an invalid, was condemned at birth to live a short life of turmoil. These two very rigid and well structured societies whose purpose was to create order over universal individual freedoms for its citizens freewill was not something that was desired. What Vincent and Winston have in common his that they used their freewill and determinations to resist the status quo.

BristolMyers Squibb Company Essay Research Paper Joseph

Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Essay, Research Paper Joseph Esposito Intermediate Accounting II Dr. Ahmed Goma Bristol-Myers Squibb Company# 8220 ; A Critical Analysis to Disclosure in Financial Reporting # 8221 ; Bristol-Myers mission is to be the preeminent planetary diversified wellness and personal attention Company. Bristol-Myers seeks to accomplish success in the planetary market place. Product- Bristol-Myers is a shaper of many utile merchandises that people use and may depend on today. There merchandises range from Pharmaceutical ( $ 8,672 million ) , consumer medical specialties ( $ 4,278 million ) , Clairol a good known hair attention system ( $ 1,160 million ) , Matrix ( $ 306 million ) , Mead Johnson nutritionary ( $ 1,789 million ) , Convatec ( $ 726 million ) , and Zimmer ( $ 1,134 ) . Some of Bristol-Myers more good known Pharmaceuticals are Taxol which is a anticancer agent that Bristol-Myers Squibb has made one of its top research and development precedences worldwide and Pravachol received FDA labeling as the universe # 8217 ; s first lipid take downing drug to forestall first bosom onslaughts. Some of Bristol-Myers well-known world-wide consumer merchandises are Ban ( deodourant ) , Nuprin, Bufferin and Excedrin ( concern alleviation drugs ) merely celebrated its thirtieth twelvemonth. Clairol is known as one of he most widely used hair attention merchandises around the universe. Matrix a subordinate of Bristol-Myers makes merchandises such as Vavoom and Biolace hair attention merchandises. Mead Johnson Nutritional another one of Bristol-Myers really successful subordinates trades with vitamins and pamper expressions such as well-known favourites like Enfamil which is said to be every bit close to breast milk. Convatec which deals with lesion, skin attention and chronic attention merchandises. Finally, Zimmer is a shaper of surgical attention devices. Industry- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company is in one of the most competitory industries in the universe. In the last 10 old ages pharmaceutical merchandises have become progressively of import. With such diseases such as Aids and Cancer blighting our society, companies such as Bristol-Myers have to take a lead function in contending these deathly diseases. Bristol-Myers is known as one of the leaders against malignant neoplastic disease. In January of 1991 Bristol-Myers was chosen by the National Career Institute ( NCI ) to go a commercial developer of Paclitaxol, now Taxol, which is the discovery intervention against Ovarian and chest malignant neoplastic disease. Taxol comes from a rare species of yew tree found in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Fabrication of the substance International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; t easy due to the 50-step procedure taken to pull out it. Bristol-Myers made Taxol its figure one Research and Development precedence. Bristol-Myers leads worldwide in Cancer research and prides itself on it. Market- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company # 8217 ; s market International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; t merely the U.S. Its market extends all over the universe, from Europe, Asia and South America. One of Bristol-Myers biggest market is Eastern Europe. A Magyar company named Pharmavit develops one of Eastern Europe # 8217 ; s most popular vitamins called Plusssz. Plusssz has achieved 97 per centum name acknowledgment in Hungary. Fifty per centum of the people have used the merchandise while 24 per centum usage it on a regular basis. The Plusssz line has become so successful that Mead Johnson, Bristol-Myers planetary nutritionary concern, is test selling Plusssz for launch in the Philippines and many other parts of the universe. Plusssz has established Bristol-Myers as an instant participant in Hungary, a market that is among the most competitory in all of Eastern Europe. Similarities and Differences- There are many similarities and differences between Bristol-Myers Annual Reports, Form 10K and 10Q Reports. The one-year studies for Bristol-Myers are really colourful and elaborate. However the Form 10K and 10Q studies are non colourful but merely Fiscal Statements. The one-year study is designed for the stockholder and informs any would be purchaser. Whereas the Form10K and 10Q studies are in apparent black and white and function the intent of informing none merely the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . It is non sent out to stockholders or would be stockholders so it isn # 8217 ; t as brassy and calendered as the one-year study. The Form 10K study has many studies inside. The 10K first begins with an debut merely as the one-year study does with a description of Bristol-Myers. It than goes into item about its merchandises much like the one-year study, nevertheless with no images or colour which the one-year study uses to its advantage. Howev er the 10K study doesn # 8217 ; t explicate in item about the merchandises. It gives a short description whereas the one-year study goes into full item about all its merchandises. After merchandises the 10K goes into item about its Domestic and Foreign operations. It starts speaking about belongingss and some of Bristol-Myers legal proceedings. The one-year study besides talks about its judicial proceeding # 8217 ; s but it hides it manner in the dorsum of the study. Largely everything from growing to success is talked about in the one-year study. After judicial proceeding # 8217 ; s the 10K goes into more about the Executive Officers, there names and ages to their place on the board. The Form 10K study is a study that is published by the financial twelvemonth while the Form 10Q study is published quarterly and the one-year study is done every twelvemonth. The Form 10K study uses a five-year fiscal sum-up. The Form 10Q studies about the company in quarters, while the one-year study summarizes the twelvemonth. In 1994, Note 1 of the Accounting rules negotiations about the Basis of Consolidation. Which merely explains that the fiscal statements have Bristol-Myers and all of its subordinates. Cash and Cash Equivalents which is the hard currency on hard currency equivalents that mature in three months or less at the clip of purchase, recorded at cost, which approximates market. Time Deposits and Marketable Securities are available for sale and are recorded at just value, which approximates cost. Inventory rating are by and large stated at mean cost, non in surplus of market. Property and Depreciation- outgos for extra reclamations and improvement # 8217 ; s are capitalized at cost, while depreciation is computed utilizing the straight-line method. The extra to be over the net assets received prior to October 31, 1970is being amortized on a straight-line footing over periods non transcending 40 old ages. The net incomes per portion are computed utilizing the weighted-average figure of portion s outstanding during the twelvemonth. Note 1 Accounting Principles is the same enemy 1995 and 1996. In 1994 Note 2 they talk about Particular Charge, which explains the judicial proceeding # 8217 ; s of the company for that twelvemonth. It is the same for 1995. In 1996 Note 2 they talk about all of there acquisitions for the twelvemonth alternatively of the judicial proceeding # 8217 ; s from the old twelvemonth cause a colony was made in 1995. For 1994 and 1995 they talk about acquisitions in Note 3. For Note 4 in 1994 and 1995 they talk about the restructuring programs for the twelvemonth. In 1994 and 1995 they explain foreign currency passage and in 1996 it is included under note 4. In 1994 and 1995 note 6 explains other income and disbursals and in 1996 they talk about there stock lists. In 1994 and 1995 note 7 contains information on proviso for income revenue enhancements, net incomes before income revenue enhancements, nevertheless in 1996 belongings, works and equipment in note 7. In 1994 and 1995 stock lists is explained for note 8, but in 1996 short-run adoption and long-run debt is the high spot for note 8. In 1994 and 1995 note 9 contains the belongings, works and equipment information, but 1996 shareholders equity is in note 9. Accrued disbursals and other liabilities are given in 1994 and 1995 for note 10, but in 1996 they talk about the fiscal instruments. In 1994 and 1995 note 11 goes on about the short term adoption and long term debt and in 1996 note 11 negotiations a small about rentals. Financial Instrument is headlined in note 12 for 1994 and 1995, nevertheless 1996goes into the section information. In 1994 and 1996 retirement benefits are e xplained in note 13, but in 1995 shareholders equity is the pick here. In 1994 and 1996 note 14 contains postretirement benefits plans other than pension, and in 1995 rental is the topic. In 1994 shareholders equity is brought up and 1995 postretirement benefits and plans other than pensions are talked about in item while in 1996 the eventualities of the litigation’s are brought up and there consequences. In 1994 note 17 contains the section information foe the companies merchandises are reported. In 1995 eventualities is the topic of the consequences of their litigation’s through the twelvemonth. And in 1994 eventualities is the concluding note 18. Note 9- Stockholders # 8217 ; Equity: On December 3,1996, Bristol-Myers Squibb board of managers authorized a two-for-one split of it common stock effectual February of 1997. The board besides recommended an amendment be considered for blessing at the one-year meeting of shareholders to increase the figure of authorised portions of common stock from 1.5 billion to 2.25 billion portions. Each of the companies preferred portions are exchangeable to 8.48 portions of common stock and is callable at the companies option. The decrease in 1996, 1995, and 1994 were a consequence due to the transition in common stock. The dividends per common stock for 1996 was $ 1.50, 1995 it was $ 1.48 and in 1994 it was $ 1.46. Stock Compensation Plans: The company allows officers, managers and cardinal employees to buy company # 8217 ; s stock at no less than 100 % of the market monetary value on the day of the month the option is granted. Options by and large become exercisable at installments of 25 % per twelvemonth and have a upper limit of 10 old ages. The program besides provides granting of stock grasp rights where the grantee may give up exercisable options and receive common stock or hard currency measured by the extra market monetary value of the common stock over the exercising monetary value. This program besides guarantees certain executives allowing of performance-based stock options. Under the TeamShare Stock Option Plan, all full clip employees, excepting cardinal executives that meet certain old ages of service demands are granted these options to buy the company # 8217 ; s common stock on the day of the month of the market monetary value. The company authorized 30,000,000 for issue under this program. As of December 31,1996, 20,250,800 options were granted under the program with 400 options granted to eligible employers. These options become exercisable on the 3rd anniversary day of the month. The company applies the Accounting Principles Board sentiment No.25, Accounting for Stock issued to Employees, in accounting for its programs. If the compensation cost for the companies other stock option programs been determined based on the just value at the grant day of the month consistent with the metrology prescribed under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation, The companies net income and net incomes per port ion would hold been reduced by $ 55 million or $ .05 per portion in 1996 and $ 35 million or $ .03 per portion in 1995. The just value of options granted in 1996 and 1995 were $ 8.51 per portion and $ 6.47 per portion utilizing the Black-Scholes option-pricing. At December 31, 1996, 104,976,640 portions of common stock was reserved for issue to the stock programs options of the preferable stock. For each outstanding portion the company gives one Right. The Right becomes exercisable if the individual or group acquires good involvement of 15 % or more, of the companies common stock. Each Right entitles the individual to purchase one one-thousandth of a portion of a series of preferable stock at the exercising monetary value of $ 200. The Right expires on December 18,1997. Each Right entitles its holder to get portions have a value twice the Right # 8217 ; s exert monetary value. The company than can deliver the Rights at $ .01 per Right at any clip until the 15th twenty-four hours after the proclamation that a 15 % place has been acquired. Note 1 Accounting Policies: Note 1 Accounting Policies are the same in all three old ages: Footing of Consolidation The amalgamate fiscal statements include the histories of Bristol-Myers Squibb Company and all of its subordinates. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and hard currency equivalents chiefly include securities with a adulthood of three months or less at the clip of purchase, recorded at cost, which approximates the market. Time Deposits and Market Securities Time sedimentations and marketable securities are available for sale and are recorded at just value, which approximates cost. Inventory Evaluation Inventories are by and large stated at mean cost, non in surplus of market. Capital Assets and Depreciation Outgos for add-ons, reclamations and improvement # 8217 ; s are capitalized at cost. Depreciation is by and large computed by the straight-line method based on the estimated utile lives of the related assets. Excess of cost over Net Tangible Assetss The surplus of cost over net tangibles assets receives in concern acquisitions is being amortized on a straight-line footing over periods non transcending 40 old ages. Net incomes Per Share Net incomes per common portion are computed utilizing the leaden mean figure of portions outstanding during the twelvemonth. The consequence of portions issuable under stock programs is non important. Bristol-Myers recorded a $ 310 million restructuring charge, $ 198 after revenue enhancements, in the 4th one-fourth of 1995. The restructuring had to make with the consolidation of workss, and installations related to employees expirations. The charge consisted of employee related costs of $ 190 million, $ 100 million of assets write-downs and $ 20 million of other related disbursals. Note 10 Fiscal Instruments: Bristol-Myers enter a foreign exchange option and send on the contracts to pull off its exposure to its currency fluctuations. Bristol-Myers has been exposed to foreign currency assets and liabilities, which totaled $ 1,640 million, $ 1,385 million and $ 1,117 million at December 31, 1996, 1995 and 1994. The chief currency it is in is Deutsche Markss, Gallic francs, Italian lira and Nipponese hankering. The company mitigates the currency and its consequence through 3rd party borrowers and foreign exchange forward contracts. Foreign exchange option contract normally expire within the twelvemonth and are used to fudge intercompany cargos happening during the twelvemonth. Additions are recognized in the same period as the weasel-worded minutess. Some foreign exchange forwards are used to minimise exposure to fluctuating exchange rates. Additions or losingss are recognized as weasel-worded minutess. The sums of the companies contracts at December 31, 1996, 1995 and 1994 were $ 1,331 million, $ 1,377 and $ 1,120 million. The company does non fear for any inauspicious consequence on its financials ensuing from its engagement in this. At December 31,1996, 1995, and 1994 the transporting value of all fiscal instruments, both short-run and long-run, equal the just value. Decision I found Bristol-Myers to be a really interesting company. They have a wide scope of merchandises and they are known around the universe. Whether it is in the United States or every bit far as Europe and Asia. They lead the universe in malignant neoplastic disease research, but at that place research and development goes beyond merely contending malignant neoplastic disease. They have managed to dunk at that place manus in every market in the universe. Whether it is malignant neoplastic disease research to basic nutritionary demands to hair merchandise. Everything that we might utilize and take for granted might hold been produced by Bristol-Myers or one of there subordinates. Bristol-Myers genuinely has an border in what of all time they do. Strong competition though given from there rivals like Merck and Johnson A ; Johnson will assist Bristol-Myers acquire in front. Merely with this type of competition will companies win and will the people who need there valuable medical specialt y.

Under Manhattan Sky (Lisa) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Under Manhattan Sky (Lisa) - Essay Example To begin with, she is frank in that she is able to state bluntly that she is a prostitute to whoever wishes to know, including Tim. Consequently, Tim will be able to understand her feelings and experiences, and this will drive the plot into revealing that Tim and she are brother and sister. This corresponds with my character because I am also frank. She also faces rejection; thus, moving from one foster home to another. Finally, finds her brother, who is very rich and she settles down to normal life. For the character of Lisa to have a powerful impact on the audience, she will have a hoarse sexy voice to depict the fact that she is a prostitute. She would also be dressed skimpily, have high heels and move with slow deliberate steps that accentuate the swinging of her hips. She should overdo her make-up, especially lipstick and eye-shadow. This would be in keeping with her role as a whore in the play. Her physical qualities will also reflect her troubled childhood and the harsh life she has lived before becoming a prostitute. However, despite the hard exterior, Lisa has a soft underbelly. Too much bitterness has accumulated in her heart, owing to the difficult childhood she has undergone. Consequently, she can easily break down emotionally. Lisa character would not be complete without some improvisations. In improvisation, things deviate from the normal (Goldstein, 2009). In this film, Lisa has to claim that she knows Tim from somewhere though it is apparent that they have never met. This helps create the tension between she and Tim and leads to the discovery that they are brother and

Dave and Buster's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dave and Buster's - Essay Example In various places, Dave and Buster’s restaurants are constantly packed with guests; both regular and new. While days are usually fun packed with events and activities, nights have proved to be busiest as most patrons have enough time to spend unwinding after work. The company’s revenues have grown significantly over the years. By 1998, its revenues topped 13.2 million US dollars and the company achieved an average growth of 6% from the previous year. As of 2008, the company earned close to 536.4 million US dollars in revenues and employed about 7,500 people in different states and locations. Many commentators have noted that Dave and Buster’s original concept of providing a quality environment for relaxing with food and drink was indeed brilliant. From an initial capital investment of three million USD, the organization has managed to grow and out do many of its competitors including Hard Rock Cafà © international incorporated and Planet Hollywood International Incorporated. The company has also managed to gain international presence by trading its concept with overseas organizations through agreements and area licensing. Apart from engaging in business generating activities, Dave and Buster’s contributes to the community. This it does by sponsoring different events including Bowling for Soup rock band concert tour, World Wrestling Entertainment, and Dave Bevan’s Children funds drive. The organization also encourages people to visit its venues by posting commercial adverts on several television networks.

People Resourcing and Reward Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

People Resourcing and Reward - Essay Example In turn, effective planning can serve as a potent remedy some of the most pressing problems faced by companies. According to Kohl (n. d.), human resource planning in indispensable as it "serves to stabilize employment levels when demand for a firm's product is variable." In this case this tool becomes important in "reducing the firm's unemployment compensation liability costs due to layoffs, providing more job security to the firm's employees, and minimizing the costs of overtime during periods of peak demand." This highlights the company's ability to source the needed workforce only when they are required. This is done by hiring temporary employees in order to fill up positions during peak seasons. Human resource planning also addresses the company's problem in employee turnover. This tool prevents young college recruits from leaving the business organization after it has spent on expensive training programs primarily because of the lack opportunities for promotion. As human resource planning uses techniques in order to forecast the future organizational needs of the company, training and skill enhancement programs will only be extended when they are deemed necessary in the future. This then also "reduces the problems of managerial succession by permitting plans for replacements to be drawn up in advance in case key executives resign or die" (Kohl n.d.). In the end, human resource planning also helps in enhancing the financial performance of the company by increasing its profits. It makes possible the allocation of financial resources so that departments will have the necessary people to produce the firm's desired output. Human resource planning is seen as tool which is utilized in maximizing the resources of business organization by assigning each of the members of the workforce to the task or assignments where he or she can function more efficiently. Through this, the skills and knowledge of the human resource is utilized to the areas where they are most needed. However, aside from the perceived advantages of human resource planning, it also has its own set of critiques. Firstly, the effectiveness of the tool is directly linked with the business organizations ability to forecast of human resource needs in the future. Failure to exactly estimate the human resource needs will make human resource planning only a waste of time because the company may still face shortages or surpluses of resources. The hardship of effective forecasting technique is even aggravated by the rapidly changing global markets which make it impossible for companies to predict the future of their operations. Kohl (n.d.) also adds the "inherent mathematical complexity associated to model human resource systems." Until now,

Accounting Book Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Accounting Book Report - Essay Example The text has occupied the number one selling slot for a long time on the topic. Now in its 10th edition, the text contains a wealth of conceptual analysis of the International Financial Reporting Standards foundations. Finally the 6th edition of Gray’s and Black’s text primarily treats international corporate strategies along with an emphatic analysis of decision making in an ever increasingly complex international environment of corporate culture. They delineate international accounting standards and practices in a vivid manner so that cultural factors affecting international standards are lucidly explained with IFRS framework as the basis of reference. This edition with Black as co-author has set a new standard in the international financial accounting sphere. The book International Accounting: A Global Perspective by Iqbal, Melcher, & Elmallah provides the reader with a detailed analysis of international accounting principles and then extensively discusses international issues relevant to accounting and finance. Its global perspective analysis cuts across international barriers to achieve a well balanced overreach in international accounting. The book contains very incisive perspectives on the global market place free from prejudice and bias. While its strength concerning elucidation and enlightenment lie in the global culture approach, there is also an additional advantage associated with its treatment of international accounting as a more diverse professional study. (b). Managerial accounting consists of budgeting, costing, foreign investment analysis, transfer pricing, performance evaluation and control, operational auditing, information systems and foreign exchange risk management. Though international finance also receives a fairly enough percentage of analysis in the book, the subject is confined to multinational organizations’ operational bases and not to the overarching domain of

Parenting Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Parenting Today - Essay Example Planning for a divorce is not that easy because it does not only involve the couples, but it also involves their children; that is why it is best for the couple to find time to relax and plan on how they would manage their divorce. After they have planned everything out, they have to take it easy and have it step-by-step. In confronting their kids, the parents need to be honest and direct to the reason why they are planning to have a divorce. It is best to clarify to the children that it is not their fault, and they have nothing to do with the divorce. Explain to them what to expect and assure to them that they will be fine. In addition, give the children the full assurance that no matter what happens, their parents will always love them. Even though, they are not living in the same roof, but still both parents will take care of them. It is an important manner for both parents to have encouraged their children to express their thoughts and emotions. In this way, both parents can list en and will know how the children are struggling with the divorce, so that they can help them cope with the situation. Lastly, have an open communication with the other partner with regard to the children’s future and plans (â€Å"Children and divorce,† n.d.). Cases of teenage sexual intercourse are relatively increasing, and one initiative done by the government is to encourage teenagers to use proper contraceptives. However, some teenagers are still engaging unsafe sex and consequently result to teenage pregnancy. As a citizen, it is good to encourage teenagers to make use contraceptives in engaging sexual intercourse or rather yet not to engage in such dangerous actions. If so, enhancing the information to the teenagers will intensify their knowledge on the said issue, and making them aware all the possible negative consequences of doing such

A research topic related to religion and the environment Paper

A topic related to religion and the environment - Research Paper Example Indeed the Bible does not directly tell anything about how man should interact with the environment; but concept of ‘nature’ occupies an important part of Christian faith. A devout Christian necessarily believes that the ‘nature’ or in a broader term, the ‘universe’ is the creation of God and man is merely God’s tenant in it. Depending on this doctrinal premise, scholars further build up the Christian environmentalism. Man as the tenant of God on earth should not perturb God’s house. Thus Christianity advocates for an intimate, harmonious and friendly relationship with nature. But the debates on Christianity-and-Environment relationship evolve from the claim that man has been created in the ‘image of God’ which necessarily entails that man is entitled with the ownership of this world. The Christian belief about the ‘ownership status’ of man is supported by the Bible as following: â€Å"Let us make man in our image, in our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along the ground† (Genesis 1:26 and 28). During the industrial era, the Christian belief persists that since the world is God’s and man is His true representative on earth, the world belongs to man. Such doctrinal reasoning inspired the industrial society to use the environmental resources ruthlessly and recklessly, as Hansberry notes in this regard: â€Å"Some Christians have interpreted this story as giving people the right to exploit the environment.† (1) Behind this ruthless use of earthly resources there is another belief that God is generous and that He has created everything for man’s consumption. But as the concern about man’s harmful impact over nature began to grow, a group of scholars began to emerge under the banner of ‘green Christian environmentalist’ with a view to purporting the harmonious

Irish Catholic Church Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Irish Catholic Church - Essay Example The Church was the moral watch dog of Irish society, which was reflected in the Irish Law. This influence of the Catholic Church was diluted leading to the dilution of the strength of influence that the Catholic Church had over all spheres of life in Ireland (Social Changes). The present generation of Catholics in Ireland no longer demonstrated the same devotion that their parents demonstrated to the Catholic Church and in that show a detachment from the institutional church. These changes in Catholic belief and practice have resulted in the reduced attachment for the morals and values that emanate from the institution of the Catholic Church (Inglis, 2007). This reduced attachment for Catholic morals and values as dictated by the Catholic Church has meant the diminished influence of the Catholic moral against excess of economic prosperity and the diminished concentration of the Irish people on an attempt to reunite Protestant dominated Northern Ireland with Ireland. This change in the morals and values of the people of Ireland have allowed for the people of Ireland to concentrate on agricultural and industrial growth and development (Shirlow, 2003). The decline of the Irish Catholic Church in Ireland has seen the rise of new a religion in Ireland and that is the religion of economic growth that leads to prosperity in society. It is this embracing of the religion of economic growth that has influenced changes in the industrial and agricultural spheres of activity in Ireland and Ireland earning the name of the Celtic Tiger (Gormley, 2000). The result of removal of the narrowed concentration of the people of Ireland on Northern Ireland coupled with the embracing of the religion of economic growth and prosperity has resulted in the dramatic changes in the industry and agriculture in Ireland, leading to Ireland becoming wealthy from the mid-1990s. This growth in prosperity, which has resulted from changes in

Development in Language Learning Essay Example for Free

Development in Language Learning Essay Language educators in mono-linguistic societies world-wide face a commonly held myth: children are only able to handle one culture and one language at a time. No doubt this is due to the fact that these perceptions are largely formed by adults who have been brought up and conditioned to think in the modes of a one-language, one-culture society. Yet research has shown that children are much more flexible in these areas than most adults would give them credit for. Children world-wide learn two, three and more languages in their early years and while there may be some short-term developmental delay the long-term benefits from learning other languages is considerable. In the great majority of cases parents are the principle teachers of one or two of these languages and as the children’s main caregivers are ideally suited for the job. Parents, the most prestigious people from a child’s perspective, are the most important factor in molding a child in the pre-school years. The purpose of this paper is to take lessons learned from bilingual homes and apply them to second language learning at preschool. The core elements discussed will be the benefits of bilingualism and pre-literacy programs in the preschool years. There is no doubt that early literacy gives a marked advantage to children entering into primary school. It follows that the advantage would be double if literacy was promoted in two languages. What this paper seeks to show is that this can be done by using methods taken from successful bilingual households and mimicking them in second language education for preschoolers. Additionally, by providing early reading and listening activities linking the home and the second language, schools can make use of the one of the most powerful factors in the learning of a second language by preschoolers, parental support. Before these activities are outlined it is essential that we summarize the benefits of pre-reading skills in bilingual households. Discussion and Summary of Research 1. Benefits of Early Reading in Diverse Languages There is no doubt that given the environment and the proper motivational tools young children show an interest in reading and being read to. Parents who incorporate the reading of stories into a preschooler’s daily activities will see the increased chance of literacy at a young age. Theorists for years have been telling us about the benefits of reading to our child. Mackler (1997) claims that the more enjoyable a child’s experience with early reading the greater is the possibility that they will read with frequency in the future. She states that, â€Å"Young childrens self-initiated interactions with print at home are important behavioral indexes of emerging motivations for reading. Shared storybook reading plays an important role in promoting reading motivations; when the socioemotional climate is positive, children are more interested in reading and more likely to view it as enjoyable† (p. 69). Andersson (1977) concludes that â€Å"Parents who read, study, and discuss interesting or important subjects in the presence of their children and who answer their childrens questions create a close relationship with their children, a relationship which older children are quick to adopt with their younger siblings. † It only follows that if reading in one language to a child is profitable to the child’s future education reading in two languages is even more profitable. Andersson (1977) claims that early reading for children and their parents is an experience that brings joy and self-esteem to a child and that this is doubly so for children who have the opportunity to enjoy literature in two languages. In his study on family reading in two languages Andersson (1977) researched the early reading process of three families. He concludes that, â€Å"far from being a double burden, learning to read in two languages is a double joy, leading to a positive self-image. † Meier (2003) adds that children being read to in two different languages tend to learn about the distinctive cultures of the two languages. She claims that â€Å"From these book reading experiences, many children acquire an extensive book-based vocabulary and absorb important cultural lessons about things like gender roles, family relationships, and the nature of friendship† (p. 242). She also claims that these early reading experiences help children adapt to the school environment by teaching them to listen quietly and attentively, raising their hand when they wish to speak and remembering their questions until the end of the story (p. 243). One study done on low-income Spanish speaking immigrants and their children showed that reading done within the family helped considerably in expanding vocabulary of Spanish at home with a group of three-year-old children (Akers, Boyce, Cook, Innocenti, Jump Roggman, 2004, p. 371). Forty-seven mothers and their three year old children were analyzed while they shared reading time. The conclusions were that their children’s attention was expanded and that conversation and interaction within the family were enhanced (Akers, Boyce, Cook, Innocenti, Jump Roggman, 2004, p. 383). The most significant change was that the children’s vocabulary was significantly broadened (p. 384). Yet it is important to emphasize that investigation shows that while literacy can improve upon second language learning, bilingualism does not necessarily improve upon literacy. Bialystok (2002) contends that much of the literature surrounding literacy and bilingualism in fact argues that bilingualism promotes literacy and that this is not necessarily the case. She concludes that the relation between bilingualism and literacy depends to a large extent on certain skills developed by teachers and parents and that in this sense bilingualism at the time literacy begins can result in â€Å"an advantage and sometimes a disadvantage for bilingual children. Bilingualism clearly affects childrens development of literacy, but its effect is neither simple nor unitary† (p. 159). 2. Bilingual Families: What We Can Learn Although there is a great deal of literature on the benefits of learning a second language the deep grained fear in mono-linguistic cultures is that learning two languages at the same time is trying for that child. But some theorists claim that language learning for bilingual children is in fact quite the same for monolingual children (Paneque, 2006, p. 171). What is more important for authors such as Paneque (2006) are other factors such as â€Å"who provides the language input, or when the second language is introduced† (172). She adds that while some children may start the process of becoming bilingual at birth other start in their preschool years but that â€Å"Either way, both methods of becoming bilingual can be effective† (p. 172). Other studies claim that the fear of slow development caused by bilingualism causes children to know neither of the languages well. Mclaughlin (1995) claims that, in fact, it is uncommon that both languages be in balance. He claims that, â€Å"One language typically predominates in use and exposure. When this happens, elements of the other language can quickly be lost. The child can forget vocabulary and even rules of grammar† (p. 4). The author concludes that it is only a question of time before the other language catches up and evens out the results (p. 4). Genesee, Paradis and Cargo (2004) conclude that children are more than capable of learning more than one language, either at the same time or one after the other. While many people focus completely on teaching methodologies authors such as Walqui hold that the psychological side of second language learning is in fact just as important. Stresses and fears brought out in the home and school environment can result in problems for the bilingual child. Walqui claims that, â€Å"While many discussions about learning a second language focus on teaching methodologies, little emphasis is given to the contextual factors—individual, social, and societal—that affect students’ learning. There is no doubt that the success with which bilingual children develop both languages depends largely on two factors: school support and home support. While at home a child may speak one language at school they may speak another. In order for them to become proficient in the home language they must have the support of their family. Walqui (2000) claims that support from family is essential to second language learning. She states that â€Å"Some educators believe that parents of English language learners should speak only English in the home. However, far more important than speaking English is that parents value both the native language and English, [and] communicate with their children in whichever language is most comfortable. † There are a couple of important conclusions to make on the research done up until this time. The first is that the literature has shown us that the natural process of becoming bilingual can lead to inequalities in the learning of one language or the other at certain times. The second conclusion is that given the right support by the family and education institutions children can learn both languages to the satisfaction of both. The third is that communication through conversation and shared reading can greatly enhance a child’s vocabulary in either language. What we can take from these three points of bilingualism in preschoolers is that if the same circumstances of sharing and reading with bilingual children are applied to children learning a second language out of the home the possibilities of success would be enhanced. Application of Research Activities That Use the School and the Home to Promote a Second Language Playschool support, home support and shared reading are the three elements of the program this work will propose to use to develop the second language abilities of preschoolers at an age in which they may learn the basics of literacy in their second language at the same time they do so with their first language. Although there is debate on the language learning window and when it closes Paneque (2006) concludes that early childhood does seem to be the optimal time for language learning. She claims that it is â€Å"when the childs mind is still open and flexible, and not cluttered with all sorts of other learning, not to mention the societys views on which languages are prestige languages, and which ones are regarded by the society as of little or no importance† (p. 171). Before we go into the particulars of the proposed program first we should mention that it works around the presumption that the first priority to the family of a second language learner is to push their maternal language and excellence in that language. Indeed, Fortune (2003) states of English speaking students in immersion programs that parents must provided an atmosphere which will enhance their development of the English language. She claims that principally they should read and play games with them that will develop their literacy and vocabulary in English. She concludes that â€Å"Research shows that the stronger the development of the native language, the greater the proficiency in the immersion language, so children who enter an immersion program with a strong base in English will succeed more easily than those whose English skills are not as strong. † What is proposed here is that parents simply use one of the tools of promoting that language, pre-reading skills, to incite their preschoolers to open their mind to another language. So how can pre-reading be incorporated into a family that may not even understand the basics of the language being learned by the preschooler? This can be done by organizing a pre-reading program which connects the home and the preschool. Throughout the year teachers will choose a variety of simple word books that incorporate vocabulary the children have already learned in class. The teacher will read the story to the children and attempt to encourage their participation on discussing its characters, ideas and plot. Over the course of time they will do various activities that will work with the stories vocabulary and plot. These types of activity will obviously be dependent on the age group the teachers are working with. When the teacher is finished working with the story they will send the project on to its second stage – home discussion. The story will go home with the preschooler where it will be incorporated into family reading but it will not be the parents reading the story but rather the preschooler. The preschooler will be required to re-tell the story or act out the story as they remember it but by translating it into the families language. The family will be encouraged by the school to ask the child to instruct them on new vocabulary in the outside language. It is through activities like this that parents can help to support the second language by showing pride and accomplishment in what their child has learned up until that moment. Preschoolers in particular will be pleased that they have the opportunity to teach their family. Bilingual books may be used to further help the parents with the activity. Meier (2003) also provides an outline for choosing and presenting the chosen books that would help preschool and kindergarten teachers gain more interest from their students. She recommends that first and foremost a teacher choose a book that â€Å"relates to children’s lives† (p. 248). Secondly she recommends that teachers ask â€Å"creative and open ended questions† to stimulate interest in the story (p. 248). Lastly Meier believes that if a teacher makes a book come a live by using props it will garner a far greater interest in the story (p. 248). Summary It is through pre-reading programs like this that playschool teachers teaching a second language might harness the most powerful factor in a young child’s life, parental support, without disrupting the important mode of communication that is the maternal language. It is undeniable that both the reading and the acquisition of languages are of great educational importance. By combining the two and providing the right support at preschool and at home teachers and parents may be creating an atmosphere where these young children can take advantage of the flexibility their young minds allow them in language learning. References Akers, J. F. , Boyce, L. K. , Cook, G. A, Innocenti, M. S. , Jump, J. F. Roggman, L. A. (2004). Sharing Books and Learning Language: What do Latina Mothers and Their Young Children Do? Early Education and Development, 15 (4), 371-386. Andersson, T. (1977). A Guide to Family Reading in Two Languages The University of Texas at Austin Evaluation, Dissemination and Assessment Center, California State University, Los Angeles, http://www. ncela. gwu. edu/pubs/classics/preschool/iii. htm Bialystok, E. (2002). Acquisition of Literacy in Bilingual Children: A Framework for Research Language Learning, 52 (1), 159–199.

Health Care Spending Essay Example for Free

Health Care Spending Essay Healthcare is a very important sector in the countries around the world. The countries and the government always keep some money in their budget in relation to the health care activities in their countries. In the United States of America also, there are certain provisions in relation to the health care. The paper shall discuss about the health care spending in relation to United States of America. It shall discuss about the current level of health care expenditure in United States of America. There are shall be a lot of discussion in relation to the fact that whether the expenditure on health care in United States of America is appropriate or not. It shall also discuss about the manner in which the health care needs of the people in United States of America are paid by the government. In the end of the paper, there shall be a forecast in relation to the health care spending in United States of America. All the above said things shall be discussed in detail in the current paper. The government of United States of America has made a lot of provisions in relation to the expenditure of health care facilities in United States of America. In the United States of America, the health care spending has been increasing continuously (Hawe, 2008). There have been a lot of funds kept by the government of United States of America in its budget in relation to the health care services. In the year 1990, the expenditure made by the government of United States of America in relation to the health care spending was $714 million. Since then, the amount of expenditure on health care has increase to $2. 3 trillion. This is around 3 times of what it was in the year 1990. The government of United States of America is spending around 16% of its total gross domestic production on providing the health care facilities to the people. It is estimated that around $7600 are spent by the government of United States of America for each and every resident in the country. In this way, it can be said that the expenditure in relation to health care in United States of America is quite good and the country is taking adequate steps for making sure that adequate health care facilities are provided to the people in a proper and appropriate manner. The health care spending of the United States of America is the highest all around the world. There is no problem with the extent of money spend by the country towards the health care. Other countries around the world are also spending some money towards the health care but the expenditure made by the government of United States of America is the highest. Currently the expenditure incurred in United States of America towards is adequate and appropriate. It has to increase only with the increase in population. According to the per capita expenditure, the current expenditure in the country towards the healthcare is appropriate. When the country makes the budget in relation to the health care expenditure, then it has to take care that adequate expenditure is incurred on each and every activity related to health care. The government of United States of America should make sure that it spends appropriate expenditure on each and every area of the health care. The expenditure should be more on the critical areas and it should be reduced on the areas which are not very difficult to handle for the government. The government of United States of America should make sure that it increases the expenditure of the health insurance of those people which are not in a position to afford the costs for themselves (U. S. Health Care Costs, n. d. ). The government should also increase the expenditure in relation to the funds provided to the health care organizations for providing the benefits to the poor people in the United States of America. The government of United States of America should also increase the expenditure in relation to some specific and high risk diseases such as Cancer, Aids etc. If the expenditure shall be reduced in relation to the above said activities then, there is a possibility that the people in United States of America shall be benefitted to a very high extent. Other than the above areas, there are certain areas in which the government of United States of America should look to reduce the expenditure. The cost on some of the areas in the health care should not be reduced to the extent it hampers the health care services. If there is a requirement to reduce the health care costs then, these should be reduced only till the services are not affected in a negative manner. The areas in which unnecessary costs are incurred by the government should be recognized and the costs should be reduced in those areas. In the United States of America, there are adequate sources used for the purpose of financing the health care services in the country. In the country, the funding for the health care services is done together by the government and the non government agencies in the country. While preparing the budget, the government of United States of America keeps a percentage of funds in relation to providing the health care services to the people who are in need and also the people which are not able to have the health care insurance for themselves. Other than the government of United States of America, there are various other forms of associations which work for the purpose of providing the health care services to the people. They not only provide the health care services but also provide the financial for the insurance of the patients. There are few programs also in relation to the same. The programs include Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program, Community Health Accreditation Program and various other programs. The health care finance in the United States of America are funded by the above said facilities and things. In the United States of America, the government and the non government associations share 50% of the expenditure each. In this way, there is a proper sharing the expenditure. For the last few years, the healthcare expenditure in United States of America has been increased considerably at an increasing rate. It is expected that the healthcare expenditure in United States of America shall increase in the same rate as it was increasing earlier (Scambler, 2008). In the year 2007, the health care expenditure in United States of America was $2. 2 trillion. This amount increased to $2. 3 trillion in the financial year 2008. In this way, there was a definite increase in the health care expenditure in the two years. It is expected that the health care expenditure will grow even more. In the year 2013, the healthcare expenditure is expected to reach the figure of $3 trillion and in the year 2017, it is expected that the health care expenditure shall reach the figure of $4. 3 trillion. In this way, it can be said that there is a forecast of increased expenditure on health care in the years to come. The chart below provides the forecast for health care in a proper manner. This chart is showing the healthcare expenditure in United States of America. The government of United States of America is spending a lot of money on the healthcare services in the country. With the kind of expenditure, the government of United States of America is spending on the health care facilities in the country, it can be said that the government is spending sufficient amount of money on the health care facilities.

My Personal Culture

My Personal Culture Introduction The typical cave discovery tells us how people lived thousands of years ago. Likewise a familys personal history tells the story of the family but it also indirectly records society and how it affected them as individuals, as a family, and as a community. Many families take great care to safeguard their family stories and pass them down to future generations through recorded documents and oral history. This ensures that all future generations are aware of the struggles and hardships endured by their ancestors that shaped the early generations. Family history was most often recorded by those who had inherited their wealth or social status and others, who had inherited nothing, would often suppress their family history as a matter of shame. The Webb family boasts no family historian, genealogist, or biographer. Those that are aware of the facts have long passed and the few that remain can only reveal bits and pieces of fading memories. This paper is an attempt to piece together the mem ories, stories, and historical data of the time to tell the story of my family. Life in a company town With the construction of railroad lines in the first decades of the new century coal mining operations and coal towns began springing up almost overnight. To accommodate the influx of workers mine owners had to offer housing and other luxuries to the families migrating to the newly established communities (Buckley, 2004). The majority of Southwest Virginias mountain residents lived settled sparsely in hollows (â€Å"hollers†) between the hills, along creek beds, and on hillsides so many companies had to entice workers from outside the region to move their families into areas that appeared unlivable. This was easier for companies mining in the Appalachian fields since the area accounted for over 90% of the total amount of coal mined in the United States during the 1920s (Buckley, 2004). The early success of extracting ‘black diamonds would be short lived as the onset of such tragic events as World War I and the Great Depression subdued king coal. The early days of coal town living was never discussed amongst my family. My grandfather was born just one year after the fighting in World War I ceased and he lived to survive many other tragic events in American history but never recounted any tales outside living in a coal camp with his family. It is unclear where he was originally from as he never talked about his days growing up or his parents except to tell his fathers name in brief stories of glory days gone by. An interview with his youngest daughter did not shed any light on his mysterious past. She recalls growing up in the same small town in Southwest Virginia but she struggled to recount her experiences growing up in a mining community. My mother was not able to provide much more detail and only confirmed the information I had already attained. Historical fact paints a good picture of their experience and may help explain why family history was not more of a priority. It is unclear whether the family purposefully chose to conceal this time in history or not. The premise may have been to protect future generations from the dark days of struggle the family endured. Only those who have left this life know that answer and those of us who remain must speculate. The coal mining towns were typical of industrial towns in other parts of North America and Western Europe. The houses were usually identical, functional and of simple design. The mining towns were representative of frontier communities. Initially there were few amenities but as the towns grew conditions improved. Schools were opened in the mining towns soon after families arrived in the district. Hotels, a post office, retail businesses, banks, newspapers and churches and sometimes and opera house or theatre were features of all the major communities. Lodges were important in many communities and the members performed a variety of social and cultural functions in the towns (Buckley, 2004). The company store was not just the local grocery store. It was often the center of life in a coal mining town. Every town had one, and everyone shopped there. The company store was usually located near the railroad tracks in the town. Everything that a family might want or need could be bought in t he store, from food to clothing, from hardware supplies and the miners tools to furniture and appliances. My grandfather often compared the company store to our modern day mall and would describe his days of shopping after having received just over two dollars for a whole days work. I never remember hearing my family tell stories about hardship or struggle. In fact, I do not recall ever hearing my grandparents or parents talk about tragedy and triumph, good conquering evil, or good vs. bad. It is as though my entire ancestry had taken a vow of silence. There were no discussions around the dinner table, no meaningful conversations about future goals, and no retelling of early family experiences. Even my earliest memories capture only a glimpse of the events that shaped our familys values. Since the days of my great-grandfather all that seems to have been known was working and living in a coal town. This was considered such laborious work but it seemed to appeal to my ancestors. The code of silence not only encompassed family values but permeated every aspect of family life and living. There were never discussions about diversity of religion, gender, race, or nationality. Even the major events of the time did appear to strike the heart of our family. It is as thou gh they had shut off the world around them and relished in one anothers presence. My father was a stern man. He did not speak much but he had an aura about him that did not require him to. Working around the home was expected and long hours were customary. Dinner had to be prepared and ready to serve as he arrived home from work and the menu always consisted of the family staple: pinto beans and corn bread. Although never spoken we understood that we did not question our father. His rule was not a democracy and at times he ruled with an iron fist. As boys we were expected to do the ‘manly work around the home and our sister was expected to take care of the house and learn to cook. I believe education intimidated my father. He dropped out of school at 13 years of age and never returned. He struggled to read and write and may have compensated by entrenching himself in his trade. There was only one high school graduate in three generations of males in our family. Young men were expected to drop out of school, if necessary, and go to work in a coal mines. In the last 100 years there have only been two college graduates in our family and those experiences were not celebrated. Education was never criticized openly but neither was it lauded in the eyes and ears of the children. I never remember relationships being very important in our family. Affection was not shown openly and never discussed in the presence of children. Those who were married seemed to love one another but did not use words to express their fondness. It was simply understood that their devotion coexisted. This lack of communication carried over in all the relationships within the family. Sitting down to have a meaningful conversation was not something anyone considered doing. Somehow, as children, each of us knew that significant communication was not valued by our parents or grandparents. Parents simply had a way of looking at a child that communicated it was time to stop and toe the line or suffer the consequences. The consequences were most often administered by the males in the family and each of them had a difficult time maintaining control and would often discipline in ways that would be considered child abuse today. For example, I can remember my grandfather laughing while he was t elling the story of throwing large rocks at his boys after they had gotten into trouble. He was laughing as he remembered hitting them with the rocks. Spillover from company town experience My grandfather survived the Great Depression but I do not believe he was unscathed. He was a teenager at the time and forced to give up his childhood and enter the workforce at a very early age. He would tell stories of being 13 and working in coal using picks and donkeys pulling small cars in water up to his chest just to make enough money to help feed his family for the day. For as long as I can remember my grandfather was an alcoholic. He drank from the time he woke up in the morning until he fell asleep at night. I believe he wanted to avoid the scars from so many years of hard living. Unfortunately, each generation that followed mirrored his reluctance to talk about the issues that made life difficult. He had become complacent living in a coal town and his children had become content because it was the only life they knew. In a sense he served the family as he had been served by the company. Each of his children lived in homes that were similar and each of his boys worked long h ours in the coal mines starting around the age of 13. The girls stayed at home to help keep the house, tend the garden, and prepare meals for their brothers. I never remember our family talking about religion but it must have been important to our community because there are six churches in an area that is only 0.2 square miles (Bureu, 2000). Each hollow has its own small church with many of them still functioning today despite having a population of just over a thousand residents. Religion was a taboo subject although no one in the family ever forbade it. There was a sense that no subject was worthy of discussing openly as a family. This would fall in line with the ideology of our earliest remembered ancestor Andrew Webb. Church and the idea of God were not promoted nor denied amongst our family. The attitude resembled the same attitude of the character John Walton from the television series The Waltons. The men in our family were very good-natured and wise, but also fearless, ready to stand up to a challenge and tell it like it is. This personality sometimes causes him to get very brash, even towards his children and wife on occasion, a nd he can also get into the mindset of a workaholic when heavily stressed. They were somewhat non-religious although there were brief moments when God was acknowledged as Creator. The code of silence established by my ancestors runs deep in our family. The current generation does not communicate any differently than those before us. Most often the family can be found together in the midst of tragedy and then the visits are short lived. Family reunions have never been a priority. Although most of the family lives in the county communication is almost nonexistent. Even while gathering information for this paper I found it difficult to talk to relatives about our family history. We had never discussed such things and the idea of having to ask for information about our ancestral past was daunting. There are times I am very aware that my attitude and communication style, or lack thereof, closely mimics that of my ancestors. It is a daily struggle to do things differently and one that sees moments of victory and defeat. I work each day to better communicate with my children. It seemed much easier when they were younger children. As they get older it becomes more of a task for me to communicate because I do not have any experiences to compare it to. My father never talked to me and never allowed his children to see him cry. My children have seen their father show a range of emotions. This has not always been an easy task and one that takes thought on my part. I am careful to explain to them that emotions are a natural and healthy way to promote self care and are every part of being a man. I also explain that there are times when emotions are not appropriate and should be subdued until a more appropriate time to show them. This is something I can never remember my grandfather or father ever discussing. Their lack of doing has made raising children more difficult and stressful. The major difference in our home as compared to what I am aware of in my parents home and grandparents home is a willingness b y my wife and I to talk to our children when they have questions. When they are not asking questions we are. This keeps the lines of communication open and hopefully will instill in them a greater sense of family and increase their world view. Becoming a sensitive multicultural counselor At the age of 18 I enlisted in the United States Army. There was a passion in my heart to move beyond what I knew growing up. I knew there was more to the world around me than coal. My only experience with other cultures came from brief encounters in school and television. I was fortunate to have the opportunity to enlist and move outside the box that had been built by my great grandfather and propagated by those who would follow in his footsteps. A whole new world was opening up before me and my life has been enriched by the adventure. As I look back I am dumbfounded. My parents had never spoken of other cultures or about how we should interact with people of a different race, ethnicity, or sexual orientation. I often hear people use the term culture shock when being thrust into a different culture for the first time. This is something I did not experience after enlisting. I had never been around people of color, Mexicans, Latinos, or Puerto Ricans but I did not experience uneasines s in my new environment. There was something deep inside of me that made this new experience right. I cannot explain where it came from or who had instilled this inner strength in me but I believe it was this inner strength that made this major life transition successful. This is a strength I take with me into the counseling field. Through counseling I am able to once again experience a journey into a variety of different cultures. I believe I am also able to listen to others as they tell their story. I spent a lifetime listening but believe that through my experiences in the military my listening skills have been honed so that I can truly hear what people are saying. My experiences strengthen my belief that I am not judgmental towards those I counsel. I avoid reading client histories before a meeting because I do not want to make rash judgments about who the individual is. I have found that the individual is nothing I expected and only vaguely resembles what I read in documentation after our initial meeting . I do believe that another strength I bring to the counseling field is my willingness to learn from others. I do not see myself as being master of anything but a student of all things. One skill I took from my ancestors that increases my success in the counseling field is my work ethic. My work ethic may very well be the greatest tool passed down by my family but it also lends itself to great struggles and stress. I sometimes allow myself to be taken advantage of by others in order to complete a task. My basic belief is that we should prefer our brother in matters of life and success. This is not necessarily our biological brother but more a reference to the people around us. There are times when I am silent and should not be. The silence creates a wall between the client as well as co-workers. Accompanying the silence is an inner critical voice that is often harsh and unrelenting. This causes me to question interventions I use with clients and to doubt the skills I have gained through experience and education. I am also not readily accepting of my own heritage. I feel like I fight daily to prove to myself and the world that I am not following in the footsteps of those before me because I do not like where they have been. This could create a problem when working wit h families that have children rebelling against family norms. I might see myself being more sympathetic to a young person trying to come out from under a bleak ancestral tree. I might also be more tempted to be satisfied with surface problems and avoid digging deeper with clients and their families to get to the underlying issues. This would be placing a Band-Aid on their mental health problems and not facilitating solutions. Having brothers that followed in the footsteps of our ancestors made choosing a different path more difficult. To my knowledge I am the only male in our family to ever graduate from high school. Everyone else dropped out to work in the coal industry by the time they entered their freshman year and most before leaving elementary. This would make me the first male to enroll in college and the first member of our family, male or female, to graduate with a Masters Degree and the only member of our family working in a profession that requires licensure. Breaking away from the generational pattern has not been an easy task. I chose to stay in the same community that I grew up in and our family name is not prominent or known for contributions to better the community. An advantage is that I am very familiar with the culture of our area but I have also been privileged to experience a variety of different cultures and learn from them. I owe this success to my decision to enlist in the military just after finishing high school. This did not allow me time to settle for what was acceptable in the community and it challenged me to move outside my comfort zone. The reward has been an expanded world view. I have experienced other cultures that many in my community will only know from books and movies. As I write this paper I am reminded of the character Peter Petrelli from the television series Heroes. He is a dreamer that always believed he was meant for something more than the existence he knew. I too have believed that I was destined for something more than coal towns and mining. Innately, whether we voice it or not, as human beings we have a desire to make our lives matter, to count for something. And yet, while the desire is there, it can be very challenging to determine how to make a difference and feel content with our offering to humanity. Recruiting providers to the area is difficult and time consuming. Those who do decide to work in the area often choose to leave after only a short stay or they simply do not understand the culture. I am able to incorporate my experiences in other cultures with a complete understanding of the indigenous culture. With an increased knowledge ba se I am able to work at passing on to my children an increased understanding of other cultures while respecting the culture of their ancestors. This ensures a lasting legacy for future generations of our family that choose to live in this community. Conclusion At the age of 40 I am much like my father. I am a stern man and would prefer to be a man of few words. My wife of 17 years, my opposite, compliments me very well and is the main reason I do not rule my house with an iron fist like my father. We fit together like gears in a wheel. She does however prefer the more traditional roles for women and would much rather stay home to cook, clean, and take care of our two children than work. Next to my wife my two sons have had the greatest impact on my life. Seeing them born really reinforced my belief that we have to be responsible, hard working caretakers of a very precious treasure. I wanted them to see that education was important so I returned to college when I was well into my 30s. My wife and I want them to know that family is important so we do a lot of things together as a family. We talk to one another and to each of them daily because we want them to value communication within the family. Mather, Black, and Sanders (2007) wanted to dispel the mistaken belief that people from the Appalachian region had boxed themselves off from mainstream American culture. They point to stereotypes and fictional Appalachian tales â€Å"invented by local color writers† (Black, et.al.) as the source of confusion about the people living in the area. We work each day to ensure our children understand their culture but we also encourage them to be open to different cultural experiences so their lives will be richly rewarding. BIBLIOGRAPHY Black, D., Mather, M., Sanders, S. (2007). Standards of Living in Appalachia, 1960 to 2000. Washington: Populaton Reference Bureu. Buckley, G. (2004). History of Coal Mining in Appalachia. Encyclopedia of Energy , 1, 1-12. Bureu, U. C. (2000). U.S. Census Bureu American FactFinder. Retrieved July 30, 2009, from American FactFinder: factfinder.census.gov

Dell Company Essay -- Case Study Business Essays, solution

Dell Company The Company was founded in 1984 by Michael Dell, now the computer industry's longest-tenured chief executive officer, on a simple concept: that by selling personal computer systems directly to customers, Dell could best understand their needs, and provide the most effective computing solutions to meet those needs. Dell Computer's mission statement is: "Dell's mission is to be the most successful computer company in the world at delivering the best customer experience in markets we serve. In doing so, Dell will meet customer expectations of: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Highest quality †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leading technology †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Competitive pricing †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Individual and company accountability †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Best-in-class service and support †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Flexible customization capability †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Superior corporate citizenship †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Financial stability" Dell’s target market consists of large corporate accounts, medium and small businesses, and the consumer business. Dell has set out to satisfy each different customer segment through its Direct Model. In order to continue being successful, Dell has to make sure that it produces the right PCs that would be satisfying to customers, and take advantage of the opportunities that are available. Focusing on the laptop industry, if Dell wants to produce a next generation laptop platform that will carry its business in the future, it should look at today’s trends in the industry and how they could impact the next generation laptop.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mobility is increasingly influencing the world and markets that Dell will be operating in. Therefore, the implication associated with this trend is that the laptop that Dell would produce should be lighter and smaller.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The internet is becoming a necessity in people’s everyday life. Because of this trend, and the impact of mobility at the same time, wireless internet would be a potential demand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moore’s Law: it has been observed that laptops and PCs in general are becoming cheaper, smaller and faster, with CPU performance doubling every 18 months. This is an affect of people’s demand for continuous improvement and innovation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People today are using their computers for a broad range of activities (digital cameras, MP3 players, music, DVDs, etc†¦)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The growth in the economy has been observed on a worldwide scale. It increases demand for productivity, therefore impacti... ...ormance, this might be a threat in the future. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Intensity of Rivalry. As performance increases, differentiation between brand names might decrease. Dell’s rivals are finding ways to increase their market share by replicating some of dell’s advantages. For example, IBM recognize the advantages of direct distribution and launched initiatives to expand its own direct sales. Compaq saw the advantage of reducing inventory, and therefore took initiatives to do so. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PDAs replacing laptops. Whether this is a threat or not is still unknown. If the case was that PDAs substitute laptops, it would be a threat to Dell’s laptop business, but not to the entire Company if Dell keeps improving in the production of PDAs. To conclude, in order for Dell to compete efficiently in the laptop industry in the future, it needs to take advantage of all of the above opportunities. Consumers are becoming increasingly more demanding and price-sensitive. The next generation laptop must be consistent with the relevant trends affecting the industry today. If Dell succeeds in its attempt to make a product that fits the trends, it will probably still remain in its leading position in the future.

African American Social Standings Essay -- Slavery Afircan Americans E

This research paper will discuss the African American social standing in America throughout history. It will discuss the highs and lows and the pros and cons of the progression and also the different periods that African Americans lived through since they were brought to America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The progression of African Americans in America began with a practice called slavery. Slavery is the state of a person who is the chattel of another. It began in 1441 when Portuguese men kidnapped 12 black Africans from Cabo Blanco and moved them to Portugal. This opened the door to slavery in the Americas. A British statesman stated that 'Slavery is a weed that grows on every soil.' The first African Americans slaves in America were brought to Jamestown, Virginia as servants and or slaves in August 1619. In order for slavery to work Africans had to made to seem inferior, one of the main an most common ways to show this was through religious racism ( Aretha, David pg. 21 ) The practice of slavery was then sent to the south were they were put on plantations. Plantations consisted of a large mansion like home surrounded by a large farm where slaves planted and harvested crops and performed other jobs which they weren?t paid for. While on the plantation the slaves ca lled the owner Master or Mistress, they provided the slaves with food housing and clothing.( David Brion Davis, World Book online... Slavery) While on these plantations many of the slaves faced severe consequence for disobedience. They received consequences for not working hard or fast enough, they would also be used as an example in order to control the others. Their harsh punishment would include branding, whipping, mutilation, chaining and sometimes the harshest punishment of all cold blooded murder. Slavery was one of the worst periods in American history. During this period of slavery there were few revolts but many runaways. While slavery continued to spread and get more brutal in the South, the North disagreed with the idea of free labor. Their difference fueled the abolitionist movement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Abolitionist Movement was the first movement that lead to the African Americans? political and physical freedoms from slavery. ?Antislavery activity began in colonial days. During the 1680's, Quakers in Pennsylvania condemned slavery on moral grounds. In the late 1700's, several leaders of the American revolut... ...han the Non Violent Movement. Front runners like Malcolm X and other influential faces such as Huey P. Newton and Bud Siegel who together formed the Black Panthers all believed that the white man was the problem and that in order to win equal rights that African Americans needed to start fighting fire with fire and bullets with bullets instead of the more passive ways of Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. ( Aretha, Chronicles pr. 261-300)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion I believe that the law has provided African Americans with equal rights as whites but I believe that they may still appear not to be equal. In the 21st century I belive and know that there are many laws that seem to make African Americans and white equals but there is still much discrimination in the world. I also believe that the racism is not as bad but still exist, it just isn?t as blatant and in your face as it was in the past. African Americans still have trouble getting jobs, being accepted into organizations and colleges or university, But I do believe that we have made a 900 degree turn from the time where ?Colored? and ?White? signs decorated the front of every doorway, restroom and waterfountian in the southern U.S

William Faulkner :: essays research papers

William Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi, as the oldest of four sons of Murray Charles Faulkner and Maud (Butler) Faulkner. While he was still a child, the family settled in Oxford in north-central Mississippi. Faulkner lived most of his life in the town. About the age of 13, he began to write poetry. At the Oxford High School he played quarterback on football team and suffered a broken nose. Before graduating he dropped out school and worked briefly in his grandfather's bank. After being rejected from the army because he was too short, Faulkner enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force and had basic training in Toronto. He served with the RAF in World War I, but did not see any action. The war was over before he could make his first solo flight. This did not stop him later telling that he was shot down in France. After the war he studied literature at the University of Mississippi for a short time. He also wrote some poems and drew cartoons for the university's humor magazine, The Scream. "I liked the cartoons better than the poetry," recalled later George W. Healy Jr., who edited the magazine. In 1920 Faulkner left the university without taking a degree. Years later he wrote in a letter, "what an amazing gift I had: uneducated in every formal sense, without even very literate, let alone literary, companions, yet to have made the things I made." Faulkner moved to New York City, where he worked as a clerk in a bookstore. Then he returned to Oxford where he supported himself as a postmaster at the University of Mississippi. Faulkner was fired for reading on the job. He drifted to New Orleans, where Sherwood Anderson encouraged him to write fiction rather than poetry. The early works of Faulkner bear witness to his reading of Keats, Tennyson, Swinburne, and the fin-de-sià ¨cle English poetry. His first book, THE MARBLE FAUN, a collection of poems, appeared in 1924. It did not gain success. After spending some time in Paris, he published SOLDIER'S PAY (1926). The novel centered on the return of a soldier, who has been physically and psychologically disabled in WW I. It was followed by MOSQUITOES, a satirical portrait of Bohemian life, artist and intellectuals, in New Orleans. In 1929 Faulkner wrote Sartoris, the first of fifteen novels set in Yoknapatawpha County, a fictional region of Mississippi - actually Yoknapatawpha was Lafayette County. William Faulkner :: essays research papers William Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi, as the oldest of four sons of Murray Charles Faulkner and Maud (Butler) Faulkner. While he was still a child, the family settled in Oxford in north-central Mississippi. Faulkner lived most of his life in the town. About the age of 13, he began to write poetry. At the Oxford High School he played quarterback on football team and suffered a broken nose. Before graduating he dropped out school and worked briefly in his grandfather's bank. After being rejected from the army because he was too short, Faulkner enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force and had basic training in Toronto. He served with the RAF in World War I, but did not see any action. The war was over before he could make his first solo flight. This did not stop him later telling that he was shot down in France. After the war he studied literature at the University of Mississippi for a short time. He also wrote some poems and drew cartoons for the university's humor magazine, The Scream. "I liked the cartoons better than the poetry," recalled later George W. Healy Jr., who edited the magazine. In 1920 Faulkner left the university without taking a degree. Years later he wrote in a letter, "what an amazing gift I had: uneducated in every formal sense, without even very literate, let alone literary, companions, yet to have made the things I made." Faulkner moved to New York City, where he worked as a clerk in a bookstore. Then he returned to Oxford where he supported himself as a postmaster at the University of Mississippi. Faulkner was fired for reading on the job. He drifted to New Orleans, where Sherwood Anderson encouraged him to write fiction rather than poetry. The early works of Faulkner bear witness to his reading of Keats, Tennyson, Swinburne, and the fin-de-sià ¨cle English poetry. His first book, THE MARBLE FAUN, a collection of poems, appeared in 1924. It did not gain success. After spending some time in Paris, he published SOLDIER'S PAY (1926). The novel centered on the return of a soldier, who has been physically and psychologically disabled in WW I. It was followed by MOSQUITOES, a satirical portrait of Bohemian life, artist and intellectuals, in New Orleans. In 1929 Faulkner wrote Sartoris, the first of fifteen novels set in Yoknapatawpha County, a fictional region of Mississippi - actually Yoknapatawpha was Lafayette County.

Eighty-Eight Years’

Eighty-eight years' refer to the period between Vermont's annulment of subjection in 1777 and endorsement of the thirteenth Amendment in 1865. In reality, the book extends over the whole history of Atlantic subjection. Starting with a concise examination of the extension of European domains in the 1500s and the formation of the Atlantic ranch complex in the mid-1600s, the book centers around the century extending from the Imperial Crisis and the American Revolution in the 1770s to Reconstruction in the 1870s. It likewise as often as possible pushes forward to the late cancellation of subjection in Brazil, Puerto Rico, and Cuba in the 1880s. In like manner, while the subtitle references the ‘long passing of servitude in the United States', the work centers around the northern and southern United States, yet goes broadly amongst London and Paris, Cartage and Copenhagen, Puerto Rico and Brazil, Cuba and Columbia. Regarding its ordered and geographic degree, Eighty-Eight Years' adversaries are few and recognized Rael, sorts out his contention around a progression of ideas that are presented and characterized in a protracted presentation that reimburses numerous readings. Obtaining from world-frameworks hypothesis, Rael depends vigorously on ideas of metro pole, center, and fringe. Following Philip Curtin, Rael classifies European states in the Americas as obvious realms, abuse provinces, and pilgrim colonies.(3) Finally, Rael recognizes three sorts of cancellation that won in the Americas. Progressive cancelations occurred in the northern United States, Haiti, and the republics of the previous Spanish-American Empire, emerging from autonomy developments, wars for freedom, and transformations. Metropolitan cancellations characterized annulment in the Caribbean (with the essential special case of Haiti), and included the metro pole forcing nullification on the fringe. At last, in the southern United States, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Brazil, late nullification took after from a mix of progressive developments and outer weight. The curiosity and estimation of Eighty-Eight Years lies less in these ideas but rather more in the recounting the story. As much as anything, Eighty-Eight Years gives a past filled with the since a long time ago, challenged battle for cancellation in the more extensive Americas. It centers around nullification's trap with pilgrim autonomy developments, Enlightenment and progressive belief systems, and the philosophies of property, subjection, and flexibility that rose out of the royal mercantilism and after that mechanical frameworks of private enterprise that overwhelmed the Atlantic World. It looks at demonstrate free blacks made Black Nationalist philosophies, and how unique monetary frameworks favored bondage or cancellation in various ways. It incorporates vital attacks into how cancellation happened in different spots – through autonomy, war, insurgency, philosophy, rough protection, and the relative significance of subjection in different realms. It additionally contains vital examinations of how a few slaveholders gave in rapidly and effortlessly to nullification developments, while othe rs hung on for any longer time frames. The book starts with a broad acquaintance that integrates and includes with an age of work on European extension, realm, and subjugation from its sources in the 1500s through its last cancelation in the late 1800s. It's a part that stands alone from whatever remains of the work, and it can be perused beneficially both when a peruser travels through the content's center sections. The presentation clarifies the connection between the rise of free enterprise, state bolster for vendor ventures, and estate bondage, while dissecting the different associations that fixing different settlements to rising European states. By 1775, European states had built up flourishing provinces in the Americas that utilized racialized slave work and a ranch framework to deliver money trims inside a particular arrangement of trans-Atlantic private enterprise. However inside 50 years, the British, Spanish, and French domains in the Americas had fundamentally changed, and slaveholders wherever ended up on edge. Inside an additional 60 years, property bondage would be annulled altogether from the Americas. It required a century to fabricate those realms, slave social orders, and a flourishing trans-Atlantic exchange slaves and slave-delivered wares. It would require one more century to destroy that framework. The rest of the book centers around that disassembling, and certain subjects and focuses are unmistakable in Rael's investigation. In 1775, bondage was universal, and acknowledged and expected by the vast majority in the Atlantic world, including slaves themselves. By 1825, servitude was generally observed as curious, ‘as an exception of humanized society, a maybe essential yet plainly merciless shrewdness, or an infringement of the regular request. What changed throughout that 50 years? The change from vendor, money edit private enterprise to modern free enterprise released a progression of autonomy developments and wars that started with the American Revolution. In Rael's telling, the American Revolution matters since it catalyzed once diffused illumination standards into intense and all inclusive progressive belief systems. The French Revolution and a progression of freedom developments spread these general and progressive philosophies broadly. Progressive belief systems and about constant arrangement of majestic wars and wars for freedom demonstrated instrumental in affecting liberations over the different social orders with slaves in the Americas. War, freedom, upset, and progressing financial changes additionally made a totally new ideological administration that put slaveholders wherever on edge. As Rael contends, transformation and cancelation, property and slaveholding, freedom and servitude, are altogether philosophies and ideas with chronicles. The primary segment of the book is dedicated to following how these ideas and philosophies rose out of the one of a kind arrangement of vendor private enterprise and subjugation that rose in the late 1600s, and the progressive emergency that struck this framework in starting in the 1770s. Expanding on Edmund Morgan's exemplary definition, Rael sets that thoughts of freedom developed out of the bedlam of commercial dominion, bondage, and private enterprise in the mid-1700s. To legitimize protection and afterward defiance to the King and Parliament, the pilgrims changed freedom from the ownership of freeborn Britons and the result of Britain's novel established government into an all inclusive right gave by common law. The royal emergency, freedom, war, and upheaval catalyzed once diffused Enlightenment standards into a strong progressive belief system. It additionally made a parallel development of bondage and flexibility, and prompted the universalization of freedom. As Rael noticed, ‘a similar Atlantic world that had made the merciless and profoundly free enterprise types of bondage that existed all through the vast majority of the New World additionally made the ideological preconditions for the entire cancelation of servitude. In any case, Rael is no determinist, and he rejects Whiggish and ‘disease of freedom' elucidations of servitude's downfall. As Rael additionally takes note of, ‘the powers that made New World subjection in the end made the likelihood of New World Slavery's end' (p. 47). Rael guides perusers through the possibilities that slaves, free blacks, and the backers of nullification went up against as they looked for cancelation in the numerous slave social orders and social orders with slaves in the Americas. Servitude's destruction in the United States would be quite a while in coming. Setting bondage and nullification in the United States in a more extensive Atlantic setting clarifies why. Rael's investigation of annulment in the more extensive Atlantic emphasizes a vital point that is oftentimes neglected in the academic writing on cancelation in the United States. Over the Americas, subjugation survived autonomy and transformation where it was most critical; where the grower class practiced a lot of political power; and where the grower class practiced political control over focuses of back and capital. Slaveholders capitulated to abolitionism where it was less essential; in domains where the grower class needed political power; and in places where the grower class needed favored connections to focuses of fund and private enterprise.